Phytoremediation Potential of Perennial Grasses

Description

Phytoremediation Potential of Perennial Grasses provides readers with the knowledge to select specific perennial grass species according to site-specific needs. In addition, it demonstrates the potential opportunities for grass-based phytoremediation to yield phytoproducts, especially biomass-based bioenergy and aromatic essential oils as a green economy while in the process of remediating contaminated sites. The book brings together recent and established knowledge on different aspects of grass-based phytoremediation, providing this information in a single source that offers a cutting-edge synthesis of scientific and experiential knowledge on polluted site restoration that is useful for both practitioners and scientists in environmental science and ecology. 1 - Perennial grasses in phytoremediation—challenges and opportunities 1 - Introduction to phytoremediation 2 - Perennial grass genetic resources: what can they contribute toward phytoremediation? 2.1 - As a phytoremediator 2.2 - Ornamental grasses in park 3 - Importance of perennial grasses 3.1 - Ecological aspects 3.1.1 - Restoration 3.1.2 - Phytoremediation 3.1.3 Climate change mitigation 3.1.4 - Biodiversity conservation 3.1.5 Wild life shelter 3.1.6 Soil erosion control 3.1.7 Carbon sequestration 3.1.8 Providing ecological corridors 3.2 - Societal aspects 3.2.1 Grasses as raw material for crafts 3.2.2 Huts and animal shades 3.2.3 Grasses as a fodder 3.2.4 Cultural programs 3.2.5 Rope manufacturing 3.3 - Economic aspects 3.3.1 Low input and minimum maintenance 3.3.2 Bioenergy feedstock 3.3.3 Medicinal use 3.3.4 Essential oil 3.3.5 Pulp and paper manufacturing 3.3.6 Industrialization 3.3.7 Job creation and poverty alleviation 4 - Why perennial grasses in phytoremediation? 5 - Coupling phytoremediation with perennial native grasses 6 - Perennial growth—an essential aspect for sustainable biomass source 7 - Improvement of perennial grasses for enhanced phytoremediation 8 - Perennial grass-based phytoremediation practices 9 - Policy framework 10 - Conclusions and future prospects Acknowledgments References 2 -Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash – more than a promising crop in phytoremediation 1 - Introduction 2 - Morphology, reproduction, and propagation 3 - Ecology and physiology 4 - Geographical distribution and expansion 5 - Multipurpose usage of vetiver grass 5.1 - Phytoremediation of different types of pollutants 5.2 - Phytomanagement of fly ash deposits 5.3 - Removing nutrient loads 5.4 - Carbon sequestration 5.5 - Adaptive agricultural practices 5.6 - Soil and water conservation 5.7 - Economic return (phytocommerce/phytoeconomics) 6 - Limitations 7 - Potential features of vetiver grass: the reason of vetiver’s success 8 - Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 3 - The potential of Sewan grass (Lasiurus sindicus Henrard) in phytoremediation—an endangered grass species of desert 1 - Introduction to Sewan grass 2 - Origin and geographical distribution 3 - Ecology 4 - Morphological description 5 - Propagation 6 - Important features of Sewan grass 7 - Multiple uses 8 - Phytoremediation 9 - Biomass productivity of Sewan grass 10 - Genetic diversity and conservation 11 - Rhizospheric microbiology of Sewan grass 12 - Conclusion and future prospects Acknowledgment References 4 - Miscanthus–a perennial energy grass in phytoremediation 1 - Introduction 2 - Miscanthus biology and taxonomy 3 - Propagation 4 - Easy harvesting 5 - Miscanthus grass as a biofuel crop 6 - Phytoremediation 7 - Environmental consideration 8 - Multiple uses 9 - Merits and demerits of Miscanthus with SWOT analysis 10 - Conclusion Acknowledgment References 5 - Phragmites species—promising perennial grasses for phytoremediation and biofuel production 1 - Introduction 2 - General aspects of Phragmites species 3 - Important features of Phragmites species 4 - Multiple uses and management consideration 4.1 - Phytoremediation 4.2 - Ecological restoration 4.3 - Soil formation 4.4 - Green cover development of derelict lands 4.5 - Carbon sequestration 4.6 - Biomass production 4.7 - Other uses 5 - Conclusion 6 - Future perspectives Acknowledgments References 6 - Feasibility of Festuca rubra L. native grass in phytoremediation 1 - Introduction 1.1 - Land contamination and effects 1.2 - Cleanup solutions, management, and assessment 1.3 - Phytoremediation and ecorestoration 1.3.1 - Perennial grasses on contaminated sites 2 - General aspects of F. rubra L. 2.1 - Taxonomy and geographical distribution of F. rubra L. 2.1.1 - Red List Category and conservation 2.2 - Morphology and reproduction of F. rubra L. 2.3 - Ecology of F. rubra L. 2.3.1 - Habitats and plant communities of F. rubra L. 2.4 - Multiple uses and management consideration 3 - Ecorestoration techniques 3.1 - Seed production, establishment and management of F. rubra L. 3.2 - Biorecultivation of F. rubra L. on fly ash deposits (TENT, Serbia) 3.2.1 - Agrotechnical technology 4 - The role of F. rubra L. in phytoremediation of contaminated sites 4.1 - Phytoremediation potential, uptake and transport of metal(loid)s 4.2 - Phytoremediation potential of F. rubra L. grown on fly ash deposits 5 - Physiological and morphological response of F. rubra L. 5.1 - Photosynthesis, pigments, and antioxidants of F. rubra L. grown on fly ash deposits 5.2 - Leaf morphology of F. rubra L. 5.3 - SEM analysis of leaf surface structure of F. rubra L. 6 - Conclusion and future outlook Acknowledgments References Chapter 7 - Reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea L.): coupling phytoremediation with biofuel production 1 - Introduction 2 - Origin and geographical distribution 3 - Ecology 4 - Botanical description 5 - Propagation 6 - Main features of reed canary grass in relation to phytoremediation 6.1 - A good phytoextractor 6.2 - A good phytostabilizer 6.3 - A good bioindicator 6.4 - Tolerance to wide-ranging stress conditions 6.5 - Biomass yield 6.6 - Rate of photosynthesis 6.7 - Easy propagation, establishment, and biomass production 7 - Multiple uses of reed canary grass 7.1 - Biomass production 7.2 - Carbon sequestration 7.3 - Pulp and paper 8 - Conclusions and future prospects Acknowledgments References 8 - Switchgrass—an asset for phytoremediation and bioenergy production 1 - Introduction 2 - General aspect of switchgrass 3 - Multiple uses 4 - Limiting factors 5 - Phytoremediation 6 - Bioenergy production 7 - Carbon sequestration 8 - Physiological adaptation 9 - Conclusion and future perspectives Acknowledgment References 9 - Cymbopogon flexuosus—an essential oil-bearing aromatic grass for phytoremediation 1 - Introduction 2 - Ecology 3 - Origin and distribution 4 - Botanical description 5 - Propagation 6 - Important aspects in relation to phytoremediation 7 - Multiple uses of lemongrass 7.1 - Phytoremediation 7.2 - Essential oil production 7.3 - Carbon sequestration 8 - Medicinal use 9 - Other commercial uses 10 - Socio-economic development 11 - Implementation strategies 12 - Conclusion and future prospects References 10 - Saccharum spp.—potential role in ecorestoration and biomass production# 1 - Introduction 2 - Ecology 3 - Morphological description 4 - Geographic distribution 5 - Propagation 6 - Multiple uses 7 - Role of Saccharum spp. in ecological restoration of waste land 8 - Role of Saccharum spp. in ecological restoration of fly ash dumps 9 - Biomass and bioenergy production 10 - Conclusion Acknowledgments References 11 - Bermuda grass –its role in ecological restoration and biomass production 1 - Introduction 2 - Origin, geographical distribution, and occurrence 3 - Ecology 4 - Morphology and propagation 5 - Abiotic stress tolerance of Bermuda grass 6 - Multiple uses 6.1 - Wasteland’s restoration 6.2 - Phytoremediation of toxic elements 6.3 - Soil conservation 6.4 - Biomass and biofuel 6.5 - Green capping 6.6 - Carbon sequestration 6.7 - Hindu rituals 6.8 - Medicine 7 - Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 12 - Moso bamboo (Phyllostachys edulis (Carrière) J.Houz.)–one of the most valuable bamboo species for phytoremediation 1 - Introduction 2 - Bamboo-provisioned ecosystem services 3 - Major role of bamboo toward nature sustainability 3.1 - Phytoremediation 3.2 - Carbon sequestration 3.3 - Climate change mitigation 3.4 - Bamboo-based agroforestry system 4 - Future research prospects 5 - Conclusions References 13 - The application of Calamagrostis epigejos (L.) Roth. in phytoremediation technologies 1 - Introduction 2 - Morphology, propagation, and reproduction 3 - Ecology 4 - Distribution and expansion 5 - Suppression and control 6 - Phytoremediation 7 - Other uses References 14 - Potential of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.) for phytoremediation and biofuel production 1 - Introduction 2 - Origin and geographical distribution 3 - Ecology 4 - Taxonomy and morphological description 5 - Propagation 6 - Important features of Napier grass 7 - Multiple uses 8 - Phytoremediation 9 - Bioenergy production 10 - Conclusion and future prospects Acknowledgment References 15 - Role of microbes in grass-based phytoremediation 1 - Introduction 2 - Perennial grasses: suitable agents for phytomanagement 3 - Phytoremediation strategies 4 - Importance of microbial role in grass–based phytoremediation 5 - Phytoremediation of different types of pollutants through perennial grass species 5.1 - Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons 5.2 - Explosives/nitroaromatics, herbicides, and polychlorinated biphenyls 5.3 - Heavy metals 6 - Pros and cons of phytoremediation with perennial grasses 7 - Conclusions References 16 - Case studies of perennial grasses—phytoremediation (holistic approach) 1 - Introduction 2 - Potential case studies of perennial grasses in phytoremediation 2.1 - Bermuda grass case 2.2 - Vetiver grass case 2.3 - Lemon grass case 2.4 - Phragmites grass case 2.5 - Calamagrostis epigejos grass case 2.6 - Bamboo grass case 2.7 - Napier grass case 2.8 - Miscanthus grass case 2.9 - Switchgrass case 2.10 - Reed canary grass case 2.11 - Festuca rubra grass case 2.12 - Saccharum species grass case 2.13 - Sewan grass case 3 - Conclusion and future prospects Acknowledgment References