Metal-Organic Frameworks-Based Hybrid Materials for Environmental Sensing and Monitoring

Description

With an unprecedented population boom and rapid industrial development, environmental pollution has become a severe problem for the ecosystem and public health. Classical techniques for sensing and determining environmental contaminants often require complex pretreatments, expensive equipment, and longer testing times. Therefore, new, and state-of-the-art sensing technologies possessing the advantages of excellent sensitivity, rapid detection, ease of use, and suitability for in situ, real-time, and continuous monitoring of environmental pollutants, are highly desirable. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface About the Editors List of Contributors 1 Metal-Organic Frameworks: An Introduction to Advanced Sensing Applications 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Synthesis of MOFs 1.3 Chemistry and Applications of MOFs 1.4 MOFs for Environment Sensing and Monitoring 1.4.1 MOFs for Toxic Chemical and Gas Sensors 1.4.2 MOFs for Agricultural Waste (Pesticides) Sensors 1.4.3 MOFs for Biosensors 1.4.4 MOFs for Pharmaceutical/Neurochemicals Sensors 1.4.5 MOFs for Viruses/Bacteria Sensors 1.5 Conclusion References 2 Introduction to Metal-Organic Frameworks 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Building Units of MOFs 2.2.1 Concept of Metal Nodes in the Formation of the Framework Structure 2.2.2 Concept of Secondary Building Unit (SBU) 2.2.3 Organic Linkers Or Spacers 2.3 Flexibility and Soft Nature of MOFs 2.4 General Application of MOFs References 3 Recent Developments in MOF-Polymer Composites 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Strategies to Synthesize MOF-Polymer Composites 3.2.1 Polymerization Within MOFs 3.2.1.1 Polymerization of Ligands 3.2.2 Growth of MOFs On Polymer Surfaces 3.2.3 Encapsulation of Polymer Chains Into MOF Structures 3.2.4 Polymer Grafted MOFs 3.2.5 Encapsulation of MOFs Into Polymers 3.2.6 Mixed Matrix Membranes 3.3 Properties of MOF-Polymer Composites 3.4 Applications of MOF-Polymer Composites 3.4.1 For Hydrogen Storage 3.4.2 For CO2 Storage/Adsorption 3.4.3 Water Treatment 3.4.3.1 Photodegradation of Organic Pollutants/Dyes 3.4.3.2 Water Capture 3.4.4 Sensing Applications 3.4.5 Detoxification of Chemical Warfare Agents 3.4.6 Other Catalytic Applications 3.5 Conclusion and Future Outlook References 4 MOFs Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Properties of MOF-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 4.2.1 Features of MOFs 4.2.1.1 Structure of MOFs 4.2.1.2 MOF-Based Nanocomposites 4.2.2 Metal Oxide 4.2.2.1 Zinc Oxide 4.2.2.2 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) 4.2.2.3 Copper Oxides 4.2.3 Metal Oxide Nanocomposite 4.2.4 Structure of Metal-Oxide Nanocomposite 4.2.4.1 Core-Shell Nanostructure 4.2.4.2 Yolk-Shell Nanostructure 4.3 Fundamental Application of MOF Metal-Oxide-Based Nanocomposites 4.3.1 Sensor Application 4.3.1.1 Gas Adsorption and Storage Applications 4.3.2 Catalyst Applications 4.3.2.1 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) 4.3.2.2 Photocatalytic CO2 Reduction 4.4 Conclusion and Perspective References 5 Synthesis and Applications of MOFs Chalcogenide-Based Nanocomposites 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Structure of MOF@metal Chalcogenide Composites 5.2.1 Core-Shell Structure 5.2.2 Sandwich Structure 5.2.3 Within the Pore Structure 5.3 General Synthetic Methods of MOF@metal Chalcogenide Nanocomposites 5.3.1 Bottle Around Ship Method 5.3.2 Ship in Bottle Method 5.3.3 Photochemical Deposition 5.3.4 Direct Binding 5.4 Electrocatalytic Applications of MOF@metal Chalcogenide Composites 5.4.1 Electrocatalytic Water Splitting 5.4.1.1 Hydrogen Evolution Reaction 5.4.1.2 Oxygen Evolution Reaction 5.4.2 Oxygen Reduction Reaction 5.5 MOF Derived Metal Chalcogenides 5.5.1 MOF-Derived Metal Sulfides 5.5.2 MOF-Derived Metal Selenides 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Merits of Selecting Metal-Organic Frameworks as Sensors 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Metal-Organic Frameworks 6.1.2 Engineering Nanomaterials for Sensing Application 6.2 Attributes of MOFs for Sensing Application 6.2.1 Synthetic Tunability 6.2.2 High Surface Area 6.2.3 Ultra-High Porosity 6.2.4 Stable and Tunable Luminescence 6.2.5 Charge Transport Properties 6.2.6 Biocompatibility 6.2.7 Mechanical Stability 6.2.8 Magnetic Functionality 6.3 Sensing Mechanisms in MOF-Based Sensors 6.3.1 Optical Sensing 6.3.2 Electrochemical Sensing 6.3.3 Magnetic Sensing 6.3.4 Chemiresistive Sensing 6.3.5 Ferroelectric Sensing 6.3.6 Electronic Sensing 6.4 Conclusion and Outlook References 7 MOFs as Sensors Methods and Merits 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Influential Parameters of MOFs for Sensing 7.2.1 Secondary Building Units 7.2.2 Open Metal Sites 7.2.3 Porosity 7.3 Stability of MOF-Based Sensors 7.3.1 Chemical Stability 7.3.2 Thermal Stability 7.3.3 Mechanical Stability 7.4 Functionalization of MOFs for Enhanced Sensing 7.4.1 Defect Engineering 7.5 Applications of MOFs in Sensing 7.5.1 Chemiresistive Sensing 7.5.2 Luminescence Sensing 7.5.3 Electrochemical Sensing 7.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments References 8 Strategies to Improve Sensitivity and Selectivity of MOF-Based Sensors 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Design Considerations for MOF-Based Advanced Electrochemical Sensing Applications 8.3 Strategy to Improve Selectivity 8.3.1 Core-Shell Structures 8.3.2 Defect Design 8.3.3 Recognition Element Incorporation 8.3.3.1 Surface Adsorption 8.3.3.2 Covalent Attachment 8.3.3.3 Pore Infiltration 8.3.3.4 In-Situ Encapsulation 8.4 Strategy to Improve Sensitivity 8.4.1 Nano-MOFs 8.4.2 Hierarchical Porous MOFs 8.4.3 2D MOFs 8.4.4 Hybrid MOFs 8.5 Conclusion and Perspectives References 9 MOF Composites as Catalysts for Electrochemical Sensors 9.1 Introduction 9.2 MOF Composites for Electroanalytical Applications 9.3 Elaboration of Electrochemical Sensors Based On MOF Composites: An Overview 9.4 Redox Reaction Induced By Metal Nodes in MOF Composites: the Key Role of the Metal Center 9.5 Electrochemical Sensors Based On Pristine MOFs and MOF Composites 9.5.1 Biomedical Applications: Electrochemical Sensing of Molecules With Biological Importance 9.5.1.1 Detection of Glucose 9.5.1.2 Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide 9.5.1.3 Detection of Other Biomolecules 9.5.2 Environmental Applications: Electrochemical Sensing of Molecules With Biological Importance 9.5.2.1 Detection of Heavy Metals 9.5.2.2 Detection of Aromatic Compounds 9.6 Conclusions References 10 Recent Advancement and Challenges in MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Structural Challenges and Future Perspective 10.3 Challenges in Basic Properties and Mechanism of MOFs for Sensing 10.4 Requirements for an Ideal Smart Sensor 10.5 Challenges and Perspective of Electrochemical Sensors for Organic Molecules 10.6 Challenges of MOF-Based Volatile Organic Compound and Gas Sensors 10.7 Challenges of Electrochemical Sensors as Smart Sensors 10.8 Conclusion References 11 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Toxic Anions 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Toxicity of Anions 11.2.1 Arsenates 11.2.2 Fluorides 11.2.3 Chlorides 11.2.4 Sulfates 11.2.5 Phosphates and Nitrates 11.2.6 Cyanide 11.2.7 Carbonates and Bicarbonates 11.3 Metal-Organic Framework-Based Sensing Devices 11.4 Classification of Metal-Organic Framework (MOF)-Based Sensing Devices 11.4.1 MOF-Based Optical Sensors 11.4.1.1 MOF-Based Luminescence Sensors 11.4.1.2 MOF-Based Fluorescent Sensors 11.4.2 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors 11.5 Sensing of Various Toxic Anions By MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors 11.6 Conclusion References 12 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Alkali Metal Cations 12.1 Introduction 12.2 The Cation Sensing Mechanism of MOFs 12.3 MOF-Based Alkali Cations Capturing: Electrochemical Sensing Potential 12.3.1 MOFs in Cesium Capturing 12.3.2 MOFs in Rubidium Capturing 12.3.3 MOFs in Potassium Capturing 12.3.4 MOFs in Lithium Capturing 12.4 MOF Designing Strategy 12.5 Recent Progress and Future Challenges 12.6 Conclusion References 13 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Nitrogen Oxide/Carbon Dioxide 13.1 Introduction 13.2 MOFs for Sensing Applications 13.2.1 MOFs as Electrochemical Sensors 13.3 Sensing NOx Molecules 13.3.1 Usage of MOFs for Electrochemical Sensing of the NOx Class of Compounds 13.3.2 Hypothetical Sensors That Are Under Review for Application in NOx Sensors 13.4 Sensing CO2 13.4.1 Sensing of CO2 By MOFs 13.4.2 Electrochemical Sensing of CO2 By MOFs 13.5 Conclusion References 14 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Ammonia 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Pristine MOFs as an Electrochemical Sensors for Ammonia 14.3 MOF Derivatives and Composites as Ammonia Sensors 14.4 Conclusion References 15 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Hydrogen Peroxide 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Electrochemical Sensors for H2O2 Detection Based On MOFs 15.2.1 Enzymatic H2O2 Sensing 15.2.2 Non-Enzymatic H2O2 Sensing 15.2.2.1 Carbon Hybrid Nanomaterials for Non-Enzymatic H2O2 Sensing 15.2.2.2 Nanoparticles-Based MOF Sensors for the Detection of H2O2 15.2.2.3 Polymer-Based MOF Sensors 15.2.2.4 Noble Metals and Their Alloy-Based MOF Sensors 15.3 Comparison Between Different Sensors, Based On Electrochemical Activity 15.4 Conclusion and Outlook References 16 MOF-Based Capacitive and Resistive Sensors for Hydrogen Sulfide 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Sensing Techniques for H2S Detection 16.3 H2S Sensing Mechanism in MOF-Based Capacitive and Resistive Sensors 16.4 MOF-Based Capacitive Sensors for H2S 16.5 MOF-Based Resistive Sensors for H2S 16.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments References 17 MOF-Based Sensors for Detecting Hydrogen Sulfide 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Determination of H2S Gas Using MOF-Based Nanomaterials 17.3 MOF Nanomaterials Based On Metals and Metal Oxides for Electrochemical H2S Sensors 17.3.1 Fe and Fe2O3-Based MOFs as H2S Sensors 17.3.2 Cu-Based MOF for H2S Sensor 17.3.3 Zn-Based MOFs for a H2S Sensor 17.3.4 Zr-Based MOF for a H2S Sensor 17.3.5 Al-Based MOF for a H2S Sensor 17.3.6 Other MOFs as H2S Sensors 17.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 18 MOF-Based Sensors for Volatile Organic Compounds 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Types of Sensors Used for the Detection of VOCs 18.2.1 Chemiresitance Sensor 18.2.2 Electrochemical Sensor 18.2.3 Impedimetric Sensors 18.2.4 Capacitive Sensors 18.2.5 Luminosity-Based Optical Sensors 18.2.6 Quartz Crystal Microbalance-Based Sensors 18.2.6.1 The Sensing of VOCs 18.2.6.2 Alcohols 18.3 Conclusion References 19 Metal-Organic Frameworks for Organic Dye Adsorptions Strategic Design and Interaction Aspects 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Strategic Design of MOFs for Organic Dye Adsorptions 19.3 Use of MOFs for Organic Dye Adsorptions 19.3.1 Dye Adsorption Using Optimized MOFs 19.3.2 Dye Adsorption Using Functionalized MOFs 19.3.3 Dye Adsorption Using Composite MOFs 19.3.4 Dye Adsorption Using Derived MOFs 19.3.5 Dye Adsorption Using Defective MOFs 19.4 Interaction Aspects of MOFs With Dyes 19.4.1 Electrostatic Interactions 19.4.2 Acid-Base Interactions 19.4.3 Hydrogen Bonding Interactions 19.4.4 .–p Interactions 19.5 Conclusions References 20 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Pesticides 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Application of MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Pesticides 20.2.1 MOF-Based Voltammetric Sensor 20.2.1.1 UiO-Based Voltammetric Sensor 20.2.1.2 MIL-Based Voltammetric Sensor 20.2.1.3 ZIF-Based Voltammetric Sensor 20.2.1.4 Voltammetric Sensor Based On Other MOFs 20.2.2 MOF-Based Impedimetric Sensors 20.2.3 MOF-Based Conductometric Sensors 20.2.4 MOF-Based Electrochemiluminescence Sensors 20.2.5 MOF-Based Photoelectrochemical Sensors 20.3 Conclusion Acknowledgements References 21 An Overview of Metal-Organic Frameworks for Detection of Pesticides 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Pesticides 21.2.1 Classifications of Pesticides 21.2.2 The Role of Pesticides in Crop Production 21.2.3 Pesticide Behavior in the Environment and Its Toxicity 21.3 Methods for the Detection of Pesticides 21.3.1 Conventional Methods to Detect Pesticides 21.3.2 Sensors 21.3.3 The Role of Immobilization in Developing Sensors 21.4 Metal-Organic Frameworks 21.4.1 Characteristics of MOFs 21.4.2 Luminescent Metal-Organic-Frameworks 21.5 MOF-Based Detection Systems for Pesticides 21.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments References 22 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Glucose 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Metal-Organic Frameworks 22.3 Structure of Metal-Organic Frameworks 22.3.1 Zero Dimension MOFs 22.3.2 1D MOFs 22.3.3 2D MOFs 22.3.4 3D Porous MOFs 22.3.5 MOF-Derived Nanomaterials 22.3.6 Metal Oxide NPs-Based MOFs 22.3.7 Carbon Composite-Based MOFs 22.3.8 Enzyme-Based Glucose Sensors 22.3.9 Non-Enzymatic Glucose Sensing 22.3.10 MOF-Based Voltammetric Sensing of Glucose 22.3.11 Amperometric Glucose Sensing 22.3.12 MOF-Based Ratiometric Sensors 22.4 Conclusion References 23 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Protein Detection 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Structural Properties of MOFs for Protein Recognition 23.2.1 Porosity and Pore Modulation 23.2.2 The Role of Metal Ions and Multivariate MOFs 23.2.3 Hierarchical Structure and MOF-Based Recognition Platform 23.3 Signal Transducer and Amplification Mechanisms of MOFs 23.3.1 Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence Sensors 23.3.2 Photoelectrochemical Sensors 23.3.3 Impedimetric Sensors 23.4 Detection of Different Proteins Based On MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors 23.4.1 Antigens 23.4.2 Enzymes 23.5 Conclusion References 24 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biological Macromolecule Sensing 24.1 Introduction 24.2 The Roles of MOFs in the Construction of Biosensors 24.2.1 MOFs as the Supporting Platform for Loading Biomolecules 24.2.2 MOFs as the Signal Probe for Markers 24.2.3 MOFs Used as the Sensing Elements of Biosensors 24.3 The Function of MOFs in Biosensors 24.3.1 Catalytic Activity of MOFs 24.3.2 The Optical Property of MOFs 24.3.3 The Specific Recognition Performance of MOFs 24.4 Application of MOF-Based Sensors in the Detection of Biological Macromolecules 24.4.1 Detection of Antigens 24.4.2 Detection of Antibodies 24.4.3 Detection of Polypeptides 24.4.4 Detection of Other Biological Macromolecules 24.5 Conclusion and Prospects References 25 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for DNA/RNA/ATP 25.1 Introduction 25.2 DNA/RNA/ATP 25.2.1 DNA 25.2.2 RNA 25.2.3 ATP 25.3 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors 25.3.1 MOF-Based Carbon Nanomaterial Sensors 25.3.1.1 MOF/Carbon Nanotube Sensors 25.3.1.2 MOF/Graphene Sensors 25.3.2 MOF-Based Polymer Sensors 25.3.3 MOF-Based Metal/Metal Oxide Sensors 25.3.3.1 MOF-Based Gold Nanoparticle Sensors 25.3.3.2 MOF-Based Silver Nanoparticle Sensors 25.3.3.3 MOF-Based Copper/Copper Oxide Nanostructure Sensors 25.3.3.4 MOF-Based Platinum Nanoparticle Sensors 25.3.3.5 MOF-Based Palladium Nanoparticle Sensors 25.3.3.6 Other MOF Or Metal/Metal Oxide/MOF Nanostructures in Sensing Platforms 25.3.4 MOF-Based Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) Sensors 25.4 Comparison Between Various Sensing Materials 25.5 Conclusion References 26 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Neurochemicals 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Different Sensing Materials Used in Neurochemical Quantification 26.2.1 MOF-Based Carbon Paste Electrodes (CPE) 26.2.2 Metal-Metal Oxide MOF Composites 26.2.3 Carbon Modified MOFs 26.2.4 Hybrid MOF Composites 26.2.5 Polymer Blended MOFs 26.2.6 Other MOF-Based Approaches 26.3 Conclusions Acknowledgment Abbreviations References 27 Recent Developments in MOF-Based Sensors for Pharmaceutical Compounds 27.1 Why Metal-Organic Frameworks? 27.1.1 Selection of Metal Cluster and Ligand 27.1.2 Morphology and Porosity 27.1.3 Electronic Conduction 27.2 Fabrication of MOFs and Related Composites 27.3 Electroanalysis of Pharmaceuticals By MOF-Based Composites 27.3.1 MOF/Carbon-Based Nanomaterial Composites 27.3.2 MOF/Metal Nanoparticle Composites 27.3.3 MOF/Conducting Polymer Composites 27.3.4 Molecularly Imprinted MOF-Based Composites 27.4 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 28 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Pharmaceutical Compounds 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Different Types of Structures of MOF for Electrochemical Detection 28.2.1 2-D MOFs 28.2.2 3-D MOFs 28.2.3 MOF Thin Films 28.2.4 Composite MOF 28.3 Electrochemical Detection of Raw Materials Used for Pharmaceutical Processes 28.4 Analytical Techniques Involved in the Quality Control and Detection of Raw Materials 28.5 Electro-Active Pharmaceutical Drugs 28.6 Electro-Inactive Pharmaceutical Drugs 28.7 Waste From Pharmaceutical Processes 28.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References 29 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Current Research of EDC Detection and MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors 29.3 Recent Studies On MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for EDC Detection 29.3.1 Pesticide 29.3.2 Bisphenol A 29.3.3 Phenolic Compounds 29.3.4 Estrone 29.3.5 Phthalate 29.3.6 Perfluorooctane Sulfonate 29.4 Conclusion References 30 MOF-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Viruses/Bacteria 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Electrochemical Sensing Assays to Determine Different Pathogenic Bacteria Species 30.3 Electrochemical Sensing Assays for Determining Different Pathogenic Virus Species 30.4 Summary, Challenges, and Future Perspectives References 31 MOF-Derived Smart Sensors, Challenges and Future Perspectives 31.1 Introduction 31.2 MOFs as Smart Sensors 31.3 Categories of MOF-Based Sensors 31.3.1 Luminiscient MOF-Based Sensor 31.3.1.1 Ion Sensing 31.3.1.2 Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Sensing 31.3.1.3 Explosive Sensing 31.3.1.4 Antibiotic Sensing 31.3.2 Electrochemical Sensors 31.3.3 Chemiresistive MOF Sensors 31.3.4 Electromechanical Sensors 31.3.5 Miscellaneous Sensors 31.4 Challenges and Opportunities 31.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives Acknowledgments References Index