Design of Rockets and Space Launch Vehicles

Description

Design of Rockets and Space Launch Vehicles, Second Edition is a comprehensive treatment of important concepts and applications. It provides enhanced understanding and exposure to practical aspects of design, engineering, manufacturing, and testing. The subject is mature, but the applications are changing and a new generation of engineers and designers are joining the aerospace industry. Although it is primarily intended for readers with at least a 3rd-year level knowledge of aerospace engineering, mathematics, and physics, because it contains many applications and step-by-step illustrated examples along with photographs or line drawings of actual hardware, it will also be of interest to practicing engineers, technical managers, and others who are interested in how rockets work in either the big picture sense, or in areas other than one's specialty. Readers of this book will understand “why things are done this way.”This second edition features numerous updates throughout, including new material on: Current launch vehicle developments including SLS, Starship-Superheavy, Electron, Neutron, LauncherOne, Astra, Alpha, Vulcan, Ariane 6 (Ch. 2) Historical information on Proton, Zenit, Angara, Centaur, Vega, Falcon 1, Falcon 9 (Ch. 2) Discussion of hybrid and quasi-hybrid rockets, including new combustion cycles (Ch. 4) A complete set of equations to allow the calculation of payload mass, propellant mass, structure mass, inert mass and liftoff mass knowing specific impulse and structural ratio (Ch. 5) Information on carrying multiple payloads: ridesharing, piggybacking (Ch. 7) New sections on recovery and reuse, including the physics, energy, and mass required to recover payload fairings, 1st steps, and upper steps (Ch. 14) A table of recovery options including advantages & disadvantages and a simple cost analysis of vehicle reuse (Ch. 17) Preface to the First Edition Preface to the Second Edition Foreword About the Authors Testimonials Acknowledgements Chapter 1: Launch Vehicles: Introduction, Operation, and the Design Process 1.1 Introduction to Launch Vehicles 1.2 Anatomy of a Launch Vehicle 1.3 The Phases of Launch and Ascent 1.4 Typical Launch Vehicle Mission and Mission Elements 1.5 The Typical Launch Vehicle Design Process 1.6 Launch Sites 1.7 Launch Site Selection Criteria 1.8 The Space Industry 1.9 Summary References 1.10 Assignment: Launch Vehicle System Report Chapter 2 A Technical History of Space Launch Vehicles 2.1 Rockets in the Early 20th Century 2.2 World War II and the Development of the V-2 2.3 The Cold War, ICBMs, and the First Space Launch Vehicles 2.4 The Moon Race 2.5 The Space Shuttle 2.6 Launch Vehicle Oddities and Dead-Ends 2.7 Other Launch Vehicles from Around the World 2.8 Commercial Launch Vehicles: The Future? 2.9 Small Launch Vehicles References Chapter 3 Missions, Orbits, and Energy Requirements 3.1 Launch Vehicle Requirements Derive from Payload and Mission 3.2 Orbits, Orbital Parameters, and Trajectories 3.3 Spacecraft Mission Orbits and Trajectories 3.4 Required Energy to Be Delivered for Orbit 3.5 Determining the Launch Vehicle Velocity Vector 3.6 Direct Orbit 3.7 Desired Inclination Less than Launch Latitude 3.8 Launch Vehicle Performance Curves 3.9 Launch Windows References 3.10 Example Problems Chapter 4 Propulsion 4.1 Combustion 4.2 The Thrust Equation and Rocket Equation 4.3 The Rocket Equation 4.4 Solid-Propellant Motors 4.5 Liquid-Propellant Engines 4.6 Examples of Rocket Engine Performance 4.7 Rocket Engine Power Cycles 4.8 Aerospike Engines 4.9 Hybrid Rockets References 4.10 Example Problems Chapter 5 Launch Vehicle Performance and Staging 5.1 The Three Categories of Launch Vehicle Mass 5.2 Finding a Rocket’s Speed Change in Free Space 5.3 Burnout Speed 5.4 Single-Stage-to-Orbit 5.5 Staging 5.6 Calculation of Speed Supplied by a Multistage Rocket 5.7 Payload Ratio 5.8 Unrestricted Staging 5.9 Gross Mass vs. Staging Speed for Families of TSTO LVs with Differing Propellants 5.10 All-Hydrogen Saturn V? 5.11 Parallel Burns and Staging 5.12 Launch Vehicle Design Sensitivities 5.13 Some Useful Results: Determining Component Mass Values 5.14 Summary References 5.15 Exercises Chapter 6 Ascent Trajectory Analysis and Optimization 6.1 Vertical Flight in Gravity, No Atmosphere 6.2 Inclined Flight in Gravity, No Atmosphere 6.3 General Flight with Gravity, Atmosphere Effects 6.4 Aerodynamics of Launch Vehicles 6.5 Getting to Orbit 6.6 Launch Vehicle Trajectory Simulation 6.7 Trajectory Optimization 6.8 Some Examples of Launch Profiles and Trajectories 6.9 Some Typical Launch Trajectories 6.10 Conclusion References 6.11 Exercises Chapter 7 Space Launch Vehicle Structures and Layout 7.1 The Thor IRBM 7.2 The Delta II: Evolved from Thor 7.3 Atlas Takes Tank Structure Principle to Extremes 7.4 The Mighty Saturns 7.5 The Saturn V 7.6 Another Way to Save Mass: Tank Dome Shapes 7.7 Spherical vs Cylindrical Tanks: Which Have Less Mass? 7.8 The Space Shuttle 7.9 Delta IV 7.10 Engine Configurations and Other Design Layout Considerations 7.11 Payload Accommodations 7.12 Launch Vehicle Structure Types 7.13 Structural Materials References Chapter 8 Sizing, Inboard Profile, Mass Properties 8.1 Inboard Profile 8.2 Vehicle or Step Mass Calculations 8.3 Liquid Propulsion System Real-Life Additions to Mass and Volume 8.4 Other Launch Vehicle Components 8.5 Solid Propulsion System Sizing 8.6 Comments about Upper Steps and Payload Fairings 8.7 Mass Estimation Process 8.8 Calculation of Tank or Shell Thicknesses References 8.9 Exercises: Sizing, Inboard Profile, and Mass Properties of TSTO LV Chapter 9 Ground and Flight Loads and Analysis 9.1 Launch Vehicle Load Cases 9.2 Example: Max-q Air Load Calculation for Saturn V/Apollo 11 (SA-506) 9.3 Load Curves Rules of Thumb 9.4 Global vs. Local Loads 9.5 Real Calculation of Vehicle Loads 9.6 Dealing with High-Altitude Winds 9.7 Design Issues for Ascent Phase 9.8 Load Relief During Launch 9.9 Endnote References 9.10 Exercises Chapter 10 Launch Vehicle Stress Analysis 10.1 Strength and Stress Analysis 10.2 Stress Determination Using External Loads 10.3 Allowable Stresses Based on Stability (Buckling) Criteria 10.4 Effect of Internal Pressure on Stresses 10.5 Determining the Overall Stress State 10.6 Real World Detailed Stress Analysis 10.7 Summary: Simple Rules for LV Structures References 10.8 Exercises Chapter 11 Launch Vehicle and Payload Environments: Vibration, Shock, Acoustic, and Thermal Issues 11.1 Mechanical Loads 11.2 Acoustic Environment 11.3 Launch Vehicle The rmal Environment 11.4 Payload En vironment: The Spacecraft’s Point of View 11.5 Spacecraft Structure Design Verification Process 11.6 Summary References 11.7 Exercise Chapter 12 Launch Vehicle Stability and Control; LV Vibration and Instabilities 12.1 Guidance and Navigation vs Attitude Control 12.2 Stability and Control 725 12.3 Controlled Vehicle Equations of Motion 12.4 Launch Vehicle Structural Vibrations and Instabilities 12.5 Propulsion Instabilities 12.6 Summary References 12.7 Exercises: Vibration and TVC Analysis Chapter 13 Launch Vehicle Manufacturing 13.1 Launch Vehicle Fabrication 13.2 Saturn I Second Step ( S-IV) Manufacturing Process 13.3 Composite Structure Fabrication 13.4 Manu facturing : The Future 13.5 Vehicle Stacking and Assembly 13.6 Postassembly Activities 13.7 Summary References Chapter 14 Launch Vehicle Systems and Launch Pad Facilities 14.1 Saturn V S-IC Fuel Systems 14.2 Launch Vehicle Pressurization 14.3 Saturn V S-IC Oxidizer Systems 14.4 Saturn V Mechanical Services 14.5 Staging and Separation Systems 14.6 Launch Vehicle Avi onics 860 14.7 Launch Pad Facilities and Ground Accommodations 14.8 Launch and Liftoff Considerations 14.9 Vehicle Recovery and Reuse 14.10 Summary References 14.11 Exercise Chapter 15 Testing, Reliability, and Redundancy 15.1 Testing 15.2 Redundancy 15.3 Summary References 15.4 Exercise Chapter 16 Failures, Lessons Learned, Flight Termination Systems, and Aborts 16.1 Causes of Expendable Launch Vehicle (ELV) Failures 16.2 Failure Rates of Launch Vehicles 16.3 Some Examples of Launch Vehicle Failures 16.4 Additional Ways to Learn from Others’ Mistakes 16.5 Range Safety and Flight Termination Systems 16.6 Best Practices to Avoid Failure 16.7 Summary References Chapter 17 Launch Vehicle Financial Analysis and Project Management 17.1 Stages of Mission Development 17.2 The Design Cycle 17.3 Design Decision Making 17.4 Cost Engineering 17.5 Cost Considerations 17.6 Cost Modeling Examples 17.7 Reusability Effects on Costs 17.8 The Effects of New Technology on Cost 17.9 Concluding Remarks References 17.10 Exercises: LV Cost Estimation Glossary and Abbreviations Index Supporting Materials