Structural Adhesive Joints: Design, Analysis, and Testing

Description

This timely book on structural adhesives joints showcases all the pertinent topics and will be of immense value to scientists and engineers in many industries. Most structures are comprised of a number of individual parts or components which have to be connected to form a system with integral load transmission path. The structural adhesive bonding represents one of the most enabling technologies to fabricate most complex structural configurations involving advanced materials (e.g. composites) for load-bearing applications. Quite recently there has been a lot of activity in harnessing nanotechnology (use of nanomaterials) in ameliorating the existing or devising better performing structural adhesives. The 10 chapters by subject matter experts look at the following issues: Surface preparation for structural adhesive joints (SAJ) Use of nanoparticles in enhancing performance of SAJ Optimization of SAJ Durability aspects of SAJ Debonding of SAJ Fracture mechanics of SAJ Failure analysis of SAJ Damage behavior in functionally graded SAJ Impact, shock and vibration characteristics of composites for SAJ Delamination arrest methods in SAJ Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Part 1 General Topics Chapter 1 Surface Preparation for Structural Adhesive Joints 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Theories of Adhesion 1.2.1 Mechanical Interlocking 1.2.2 Electrostatic (Electronic) Theory 1.2.3 Diffusion Theory 1.2.4 Wetting Theory 1.2.5 Chemical Bonding Theory 1.2.6 Weak Boundary Layer Theory 1.3 Surface Preparation Methods 1.3.1 Degreasing 1.3.1.1 Vapor Degreasing 1.3.1.2 Ultrasonic Vapor Degreasing 1.3.1.3 Other Degreasing Methods 1.3.2 Mechanical Abrasion 1.3.3 Chemical Treatment 1.3.3.1 Acid Etching 1.3.3.2 Anodization 1.3.4 Physical Methods 1.3.4.1 Corona Treatment 1.3.4.2 Flame Treatment 1.3.4.3 Plasma Treatment 1.4 Surface Preparation Evaluation Methods 1.4.1 Dyne Solutions 1.4.2 Water-Break Test 1.4.3 Contact Angle Test 1.5 Applications of Structural Adhesives 1.5.1 Adhesives for Aerospace 1.5.2 Adhesives for Marine Applications 1.5.3 Adhesives for Medical and Dental Applications 1.5.4 Adhesives for Construction 1.5.5 Adhesives for Automotive Industry 1.5.6 Adhesives for Electronics 1.6 Summary Acknowledgment References Chapter 2 Improvement of the Performance of Structural Adhesive Joints with Nanoparticles and Numerical Prediction of Their Response 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Historical Perspective 2.1.2 Incorporation of Fillers in Adhesives 2.2 Use of Nanocarbon Nanoparticles for Improving the Response of Resins and Adhesives 2.3 Assessment of Performance of Adhesively Bonded Joints (ABJs) 2.3.1 Brief Introduction to the Procedures Used for Assessing Stresses in ABJs 2.3.2 Computational Approaches for Assessing Response of ABJs 2.4 Application of CZM for Simulating Crack Propagation in Adhesively Bonded Joints 2.4.1 Basis of the CZM 2.4.2 Applications of CZM to Bonded Joints 2.5 Application of xFEM for Simulating Crack Propagation in Adhesively Bonded Joints 2.6 Summary Acknowledgement References Chapter 3 Optimization of Structural Adhesive Joints 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Joint Configurations 3.3 Joint Design Parameters 3.4 Substrate Stiffness and Strength 3.5 Adhesive Selection 3.6 Hybrid Joints 3.7 Summary References Chapter 4 Durability Aspects of Structural Adhesive Joints Abbreviations Used 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Factors Affecting Durability 4.2.1 Materials 4.2.1.1 Adhesives 4.2.1.2 Adherends 4.2.2 Environment 4.2.2.1 Moisture 4.2.2.2 Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) 4.2.3 Stress 4.3 Methods to Improve Durability 4.4 Summary References Chapter 5 Debonding of Structural Adhesive Joints 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Design of Structures with Debondable Adhesives (Design for Disassembly) 5.3 Techniques for Debonding of Structural Adhesive Joints 5.3.1 Electrically Induced Debonding of Adhesive Joints 5.3.2 Debonding on Demand of Adhesively Bonded Joints Using Reactive Fillers 5.3.2.1 Nanoparticles 5.3.2.2 Microparticles 5.4 Prospects 5.5 Summary Acknowledgements References Part 2 Analysis and Testing Chapter 6 Fracture Mechanics-Based Design and Analysis of Structural Adhesive Joints Abbreviations and Nomenclature 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Analysis Methods of Adhesive Joints 6.1.2 Design Philosophy of Adhesive Joints and Fracture Mechanics Based Design 6.2 Stress Analysis and Fracture Modelling of Structural Adhesive Joints Unknown G G G G G G G G G G G G G G G a t d t E k G a t d t G k 6.2.1 Stress Analysis and Static Strength of Structural Adhesive Joints 6.2.1.1 Shear-Lag Model and Shear Stress dN dx dN dx G t u u N A du dx i F x c x c G t A A A c c c F c F c F c F c c c G G c G t c c 6.2.1.2 Beam-Adhesive Model, Shear and Peel Stresses dN dx dQ dx dM dx t Q dN dx dQ dx dM dx t Q G t u u t dw dx dw dx E t w2-w1) N A du dx M Ddw dx i d dx d dx d dx Ft M x t c Ft M c x xB x x Ft c M c t c M Vk dN dx dQ dx dM dx t Q N dN d x dQ dx dM dx t Q=-N N A du dx du dx B d d x M B du dx du dx D d d x Q G dw dx i d u dx du dx t d w dx d w dx t du dx t d w dx d w dx d u dx d w dx d w dx w E G t u u u u u u w w w w w w M V M Vk 6.2.1.3 Load Update of a Single Lap Joint in Tension M k t t F V dM l dx k c cf c c t t c l c cf c c k c l c cf c c t t c l c cf c s s] t t] s s] 6.2.2 Analytical Approaches of Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics 6.2.2.1 An Approach Based on Adhesive Stresses for the Joint Under General Loading d dx d dx d dx d dx A e A e- A C t G E D C B es+ B e- B es+ B e- x t s x d dx H d dx H d dx d dx Hq H k A N N t D M M H k D M M H k D Q Q H H H H H G k D M M D G k Q Q G k A N N t M M k Ct Ct k t k t C k A A k t D t D k D D k G G 6.2.2.2 Methods Based on a Beam Theory and a Singular Field 6.2.3 Fracture Prediction Using Cohesive Zone Model 6.2.3.1 Cohesive Zone Model 6.2.3.2 Cohesive Traction Law 6.2.3.3 Design Criteria Based on Cohesive Zone Model Gi tid Gic tid i I II III t t t t t t G G G G G G 6.3 Finite Element Modelling and Simulation 6.3.1 Finite Element Modelling for Stress Analysis of Adhesive Joints 6.3.2 Virtual Crack Closure Technique G a Z w w a Zi(wl-wl) G a X u u a Xi(ul-ul) 6.3.3 Cohesive Zone Modelling and Progressive Failure 6.4 Experimental Approach and Material Characterization 6.4.1 Specimen and Test Standard 6.4.2 Data Reduction and Fracture Toughness, Mixed Mode Fracture G P B h a E h G G P a BE h 6.4.3 Measurement of Fracture Parameters and Progressive Failure Using DIC 6.5 Prospects 6.5.1 Analytical Modelling and Formulation 6.5.2 Cohesive Zone Model and Progressive Fracture 6.5.3 Experimental Study On Fracture of Adhesive Joints 6.5.4 Optimal Design of Adhesive Joints and Use of Nanomaterials 6.6 Summary References Chapter 7 Failure Analysis of Structural Adhesive Joints with Functionally Graded Tubular Adherends 7.1 Introduction and Background Literature 7.2 Material Property Gradation in the Structural Adhesive Joint Region Unknown z c 7.3 Stress Analysis 7.4 Summary and Conclusions References Chapter 8 Damage Behaviour in Functionally Graded Structural Adhesive Joints with Double Lap Joint Configuration List of Symbols Unknown Z S .a 8.1 Introduction 8.2 FE Analysis of Functionally Graded Double Lap Joint 8.2.1 Modelling of Double Lap Joint 8.2.2 Loading and Boundary Conditions 8.2.3 Modeling of Functionally Graded Adhesive Layer E x E E E x c x E x E E E x c x R E E 8.2.4 Meshing Scheme of Double Lap Joint 8.2.5 Error and Convergence Study 8.3 Damage Onset in a Double Lap Joint Unknown f s F s F s Z Syz e e S e Z Syz e e S e s Y s Y 8.4 Adhesion/Interfacial Failure Propagation Analysis 8.4.1 Evaluation of SERR W ay dxdy x G W A G A w ay x y x wB(x- y)] dxdy G A u ay x y x uB ay dxdy x- G A a y x y v x vB ay dxdy x- 8.5 Interfacial Damage Propagation Analysis 8.5.1 Onset of Adhesion/Interfacial Failure 8.5.2 Interfacial Failure Propagation in Double Lap Joint with Mono-Modulus Adhesive 8.5.3 Interfacial Damage Propagation in Functionally Graded Double Lap Joint 8.6 Conclusions References Chapter 9 Impact, Shock and Vibration Characteristics of Epoxy-Based Composites for Structural Adhesive Joints Descriptions of Abbreviations Symbols with Units 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Dynamic Viscoelasticity Unknown E E0 E E E E E E E E E RT C T T C T T E R T T 9.2.1 Example 9.3 Toughened Epoxy Resins 9.3.1 Toughening Agents for Epoxy 9.4 Flexible Epoxy System 9.4.1 Vibration Response for Joined Beams H H M HM H H H M H H G E h n L 9.4.2 Experimental Evaluation f f Power ratio dB V V 9.4.3 Flexible Epoxy-Clay Nanocomposite f k EIg wL 9.5 Shock Response of Metallic Joints with Epoxy Adhesives 9.5.1 Shock Pulse: Fourier Transform X f f t i ft dt u t)=u t/ u u u u t t t u t t t u t u u t X f f f f f f A0 F(f) = f X(f) 9.5.2 Shock Response X t m A t d X t m A t t d T T T t 9.6 Summary References Chapter 10 Delamination Arrest Methods in Structural Adhesive Joints Used in Automobiles 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Delamination Growth Studies in Laminated FRP Composite Bonded Joints 10.2.1 Analysis of Embedded Delaminations 10.3 Laminated Curved Composite Skin-Stiffener Joint Geometry and Material Properties 10.3.1 Configurations of the Models with Pre-Embedded Delamination 10.3.2 Loads and Boundary Conditions of the Joint for the Delamination Analysis 10.4 Finite Element Modelling with Embedded Delamination 10.5 Numerical Method for the Delamination Analysis Unknown f G G v bd G f G G G G G G G G G G G 10.6 Computations of SERRs for Hybrid Laminated Curved Composite Skin-Stiffener Joint 10.7 Studies of Crack Growth Arrest with Fasteners in Bonded Joints 10.7.1 Modelling and Analysis of Skin-Stiffener Joint with Fasteners at Embedded Delamination 10.8 Study of Crack Growth Arrest Mechanisms with Z-Fibre Pins in Composite Laminated Joints 10.9 Modelling and Analysis of Skin-Stiffener Joints with Z-Fiber Pins at Embedded Delamination 10.9.1 Estimation of Crack Growth Arrest (a) with Single Row of Z-Fiber Pins Reinforcement (b) with Multiple Rows of Z-Fiber Pin 10.10 Conclusions 10.11 Scope of Future Work References Index 319 Index Also of Interest EULA