Nanocellulose Materials: Fabrication and Industrial Applications

Description

Nanocellulose Materials: Fabrication and Industrial Applications focuses on the practices, distribution and applications of cellulose at the nanoscale. The book delivers recent advancements, highlights new perspectives and generic approaches on the rational use of nanocellulose, and includes sustainability advantages over conventional sources towards green and sustainable industrial developments. The topics and sub-topics are framed to cover all key features of cellulose, from extraction to technological evolution. Nanocellulose has great potential due to its versatility and numerous applications, including the potential role of nanocellulose scaffold derivatives towards active involvement in the energy sector, chemical sensing, catalysis, food industry and anti-bacterial coatings towards land, agricultural and aquatic systems. Front cover Half title Full title Copyright Contents Contributors CHAPTER 1 - Bacterial cellulose nanofibers for separation, drug delivery, wound dressing, and tissue engineering applications 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Support as separation medium 1.3 Wound dressings 1.4 Drug delivery vehicle 1.5 Tissue engineering applications 1.6 Conclusions References CHAPTER 2 - Industrial-scale fabrication and functionalization of nanocellulose 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Nanocellulose production 2.2.1 Bottom-up approaches 2.2.1.1 Bacterial cellulose 2.2.1.2 Electrospinning 2.2.2 Top-down approaches 2.2.2.1 Mechanical processes 2.2.2.2 Chemical processes 2.2.3 Scale up and industrialization 2.3 Functionalization of nanocellulose 2.3.1 CNC functionalization 2.3.2 NFC functionalization 2.3.2.1 Covalent functionalization of NFC 2.3.2.2 Noncovalent modification of NFC 2.3.3 Functionalization of BC 2.4 Conclusions References CHAPTER 3 - Nanocellulose in packaging industry 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Preparation and types of Nano cellulose 3.2.1 Classification of Nano cellulose 3.2.1.1 Nanocrystalline cellulose 3.2.1.2 Nanofibrils cellulose 3.2.1.3 Bacterial cellulose 3.2.2 Preparation of Nano cellulose 3.2.2.1 Pretreatment techniques 3.2.2.1.1 Hydrolysis by enzyme 3.2.2.1.2 Alkaline acid 3.2.2.1.3 Ionic fluids 3.2.2.2 Mechanical process 3.2.2.2.1 High-pressure homogenization 3.2.2.2.2 Micro fluidization 3.2.2.2.3 Grinding 3.2.2.2.4 Cryocrushing 3.2.2.2.5 High-force ultrasonication 3.2.2.2.6 Ball-processing process 3.2.2.3 Chemical hydrolysis 3.3 Types of packaging 3.3.1 Innovations for nano cellulose-based materials production 3.3.1.1 Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly 3.3.1.2 Electrospinning (ES) 3.3.1.3 Composite expulsion 3.3.1.4 Casting from solution and evaporation 3.3.1.5 Coating 3.4 Applications of Nano cellulose in packaging 3.4.1 Nanocellulose in the paper industry 3.4.2 Nanocellulose in the composite industry 3.4.3 Nanocellulose in the biomedical industry 3.4.4 Nanocellulose in nanoparticulate drug delivery 3.4.5 Nanocellulose in tablet formulation 3.4.6 Nanocellulose in aerogels 3.4.7 Nanocellulose in food industry 3.5 Conclusion References CHAPTER 4 - Nanocellulose hybrid systems: carriers of active compounds and aerogel/cryogel applications 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Production of CNCs or CNFs and application in hybrid systems 4.3 Production of CNC or CNF hybrid systems 4.4 ChNP-CNC-based cryogels: a case study 4.5 Conclusion and future challenges References CHAPTER 5 - Recent developments of bacterial nanocellulose porous scaffolds in biomedical applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Properties of BNC 5.3 Importance of BNC in biomedical field 5.4 Synthesis and fabrication: development of porous scaffolds 5.4.1 Phase separation 5.4.2 Electrospinning 5.4.3 3D printing 5.4.4 Emulsion freeze-drying 5.4.5 Particle-leaching technique 5.4.6 Solvent casting 5.4.7 Irreversible electroporation 5.4.8 Microfluidics 5.4.9 Laser perforation 5.5 Bacterial porous scaffold in various biomedical applications 5.5.1 Tissue engineering and wound healing application 5.5.2 Bone 5.5.3 Cartilage 5.5.4 Urothelium/urethral regeneration 5.5.5 Angiogenesis or vascular networks 5.5.6 3D bioprinting 5.5.7 Drug delivery 5.5.8 Nerve injury repair 5.5.9 Cancer diagnosis 5.6 Conclusion and future perspectives References CHAPTER 6 - Characteristic features and functions of nanocellulose for its feasible application in textile industry 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Sources of nanocellulose 6.3 Classification of nanocellulose structures 6.4 Preparation of nanocellulose 6.4.1 Experimental procedure 6.4.2 Preparation of solution of sodium zincate 6.4.3 Preparation of nanocellulose 6.5 General techniques used (specific techniques) 6.5.1 Top-down process 6.5.2 Bottom-up processes 6.5.3 Mechanical disintegration 6.5.4 Chemical reaction 6.5.5 Biological reaction 6.6 Pretreatment of nanocellulose 6.6.1 Pulping processes 6.6.2 Bleaching 6.6.3 Alkaline-acid-alkaline pretreatment 6.6.4 Enzymatic pretreatment 6.6.5 Ionic liquids 6.6.6 Oxidation 6.6.7 Steam explosion 6.6.8 Other pretreatments 6.7 Characterization and thermal analysis of nanocellulose particles 6.7.1 Characterization of nanocellulose particles 6.7.2 Characterization of prepared nanocellulose 6.7.3 Characterization of polyester/nanocellulose composite 6.7.4 Thermal analysis 6.8 Effects of nanocellulose on the properties of the textiles 6.8.1 Effect on tensile strength 6.8.2 Effect on crease recovery 6.8.3 Effect of nanocellulose on water absorbency of polyester fabric 6.8.4 Effect of nanocellulose on water permeability of polyester fabric 6.8.5 Effect of nanocellulose on air permeability of polyester fabric 6.8.6 Effect of nanocellulose on dyeing of treated fabric with a direct dye 6.9 Applications, advantages, and limitations of nanocellulose 6.10 Current trends and future scopes 6.11 Conclusions References CHAPTER 7 - Nanocellulose in plastic industry 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Plastic in packaging 7.3 Bioplastics 7.4 Cellulose 7.5 Nanocellulosic composites: potential to replace plastics 7.5.1 Nanocellulose: enhancement in properties packaging material 7.6 Conclusions References CHAPTER 8 - Nanocellulose in the sports industry 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Nanocellulose–morphology and characteristics 8.3 Nanocellulose in the sports industry 8.3.1 The mechanical property of nanocellulose 8.3.2 Nanocellulose and its intrinsic thermal characteristics 8.3.3 Barrier properties of nanocellulose 8.3.4 Optical characteristics 8.4 Conclusion and future prospects References CHAPTER 9 - Uses of nanocellulose in the environment industry 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Nanocellulose-based adsorbent 9.2.1 Nanocellulose: an adsorbent of residual antibiotics 9.2.2 Metal adsorption using nanocellulose 9.2.3 Nanocellulose: an adsorbent of organic pollutant 9.3 Photocatalysts based on nanocellulose 9.4 Flocculants based on nanocellulose 9.4.1 CNF-flocculated microalgae for lipid production 9.5 Nanocellulose uses in effluent treatment plant 9.5.1 Sorption of pollutants by functionalized nanocellulose 9.5.1.1 Heavy metal removal by sorption 9.5.1.2 Organic dye removal by sorption 9.5.2 NPs uses in water purification 9.5.2.1 Use of mushroom exopolysaccharides in synthesis of biogenic Silver NP (AgNP) 9.5.2.2 NSAgNP as antifouling agent 9.5.2.3 Purification of water using nanocellulose membranes 9.5.2.4 Electrospun nanofiber membrane for the removal of suspended solids and micron-sized particles 9.5.2.5 Nanocellulose filters for purification of water 9.5.2.6 Antimicrobial filters for purifying water 9.5.2.6.1 Antibacterial filters for purifying water 9.5.2.7 Water purification by green adsorbents 9.6 Biogenic NPs uses in agriculture 9.6.1 ZnO NPs 9.6.2 Gold NPs usage to enhance crop quality 9.7 Nanocellulose for air purification 9.7.1 Air purification by electrospun nanofiber mats 9.7.2 Air purification by electrostatically active NPs 9.7.3 Antimicrobial air purification by using nanofibrous membrane based on soy protein 9.8 Nanopaper 9.9 Nanocellulose uses in energy application 9.9.1 Perovskite solar cell as a source of energy 9.10 Conclusion References CHAPTER 10 - Application of nanocellulose as nanotechnology in water purification 10.1 Introduction 10.2 NT-enabled multifunctional application of NC 10.3 Effective role of NC as biosorbent 10.3.1 Application of cellulose CFs as water purifier 10.3.2 Application of CNCs as water purifier 10.3.3 Current challenges and limitation of cellulose-based material in hydrology 10.4 Conclusion References CHAPTER 11 - Cellulose-imidazole engineering hybrid materials/membrane for energy storage 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) 11.2.1 Methods of preparation of CNCs and CNFs 11.2.2 Objectives and impact of imidazole-derivatives during the ­cellulose material fabrication 11.2.3 Imidazole-based nanocellulosic materials/membrane 11.2.4 Cellulose-imidazole engineering hybrid materials in the energy storage devices 11.2.5 Cellulose-imidazole based hybrid materials for supercapacitor 11.2.6 Cellulose-imidazole engineering hybrid materials for lithium ion batteries 11.3 Concluding remarks Acknowledgment Conflict of interest References CHAPTER 12 - Nanocellulose in electronics and electrical industry 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Fundamentals of nanocellulose in electronics 12.3 Cellulose nanopaper as a substrate in electronic devices 12.3.1 Promising characteristics and challenges of nanocellulose as electronic substrates 12.3.1.1 Transparency and low haze 12.3.1.2 Porosity and roughness 12.3.1.3 Mechanical properties 12.3.1.4 Hydrophilicity 12.3.2 Surface functionality of nanocellulose for enhanced properties 12.3.3 Transparent conductive cellulose nanopaper 12.4 Printed electronics 12.4.1 Conductive inks in printed electronics 12.4.2 Promising characteristics and challenges of nanocellulose as conductive inks 12.4.2.1 Charged densities for dispersion stability of conductive inks 12.4.2.2 Adsorption capacity 12.5 Applications of nanocellulose as green electronics 12.5.1 OLED for display 12.5.2 Electronic circuit and components 12.5.3 Antennas 12.6 Future remarks and conclusion References CHAPTER 13 - Nanocellulose in paper and wood industry 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Application in wood and paper industry 13.3 Papermaking 13.4 Application of NC in papermaking 13.5 Pulping 13.6 Wet-end chemistry 13.7 Paper coating 13.7.1 Paper quality 13.7.2 Packaging 13.7.3 Printing quality 13.8 Other application of NC in papermaking 13.8.1 Wood—adhesives (reinforcement agent) 13.8.2 Recycled paper 13.9 Challenges and future aspects in wood and paper industry References CHAPTER 14 - Environmental, legal, health, and safety issue of nanocellulose 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 Cellulose to nanocellulose 14.1.2 Cellulose: the raw material 14.2 Characteristics of nanocellulose 14.3 Properties of nanocellulose materials 14.3.1 Mechanical properties 14.3.2 Optical properties 14.3.3 Thermal properties 14.4 Preparation and types of nanocellulose 14.4.1 Cellulose nanofibrils 14.4.2 Nanocellulose crystals 14.4.3 Bacterial cellulose 14.4.4 Other sources of nanocellulose 14.5 Production and extraction nanocellulose 14.5.1 Selection of sources 14.5.2 Pretreatment 14.5.3 Extraction 14.6 Application of nanocellulose 14.6.1 Nanocellulose in paper and film industry 14.6.2 Nanocellulose in the biomedical industry 14.6.3 Environmental application of nanocellulose 14.6.3.1 Water contaminant removal 14.6.3.2 Pollutant sensors 14.6.4 Nanocellulose in the energy application 14.7 Health issues of nanocellulose 14.7.1 In-vivo studies 14.7.2 In-vitro studies 14.7.3 Nanocellulose effect on GIT 14.7.3.1 Intrinsic factors 14.7.3.2 Extrinsic factors 14.7.4 Cytotoxic effects of nanocellulose 14.8 Environmental issues related to nanocellulose 14.9 Legal issues of nanocellulose 14.10 Safety issues of nanocellulose 14.11 Conclusion References CHAPTER 15 - Integration of geospatial technology for mapping of algae: an economical perspective for assessing nanocellulose 15.1 Introduction 15.1.1 Sources of nanocellulose and their impact on economy 15.1.2 Remote sensing 15.2 Remote sensing applications for mapping spatial algal cover and harmful algal blooms (HABs) 15.2.1 Remote sensing–based algal spectral indices 15.2.1.1 Cellulose absorption index (CAI) 15.3 Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) 15.3.1 Benefits of UAVs in algal bloom research 15.3.2 UAV platforms used in algal bloom researches 15.4 Sensors and cameras used in remote sensing for algal bloom mapping 15.5 Quantitative analyses 15.6 Future opportunities 15.6.1 Hyperspectral UAVs 15.7 Socioeconomic impact 15.8 Climate change 15.9 Conclusions References Index Back cover