Sensing Technology: Proceedings of ICST'15

Description

This book gathers the latest advances, innovations, and applications in the field of sensing technology, as presented by international researchers and engineers at the 15th International Conference on Sensing Technology (ICST), held in Sydney, Australia on December 5–7, 2022. Contributions include a wide range of topics such as: vision sensing, sensor signal processing, sensors phenomena and modelling, sensor characterization, smart sensors and sensor fusion, electromagnetic, chemical and physical sensors, electronic nose technology, biosensors, nano sensors, wireless sensors and WSN, Internet of Things, optical sensors, sensor arrays, intelligent sensing, Internet-based and remote data acquisition. The contributions, which were selected by means of a rigorous international peer-review process, present a wealth of exciting ideas that will open novel research directions and foster multidisciplinary collaboration among different specialists. Preface ICST’15 – Organizing Committee Contents About the Editors A Novel Carbon Paste Electrode for Convenient and Efficient Auditory Brainstem Response Acquisition: A Pilot Study 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Subjects 2.2 The Experimental Scheme 2.3 Signal Processing and Analysis 3 Results 3.1 The Comparison of the Impedance 3.2 The Comparison of the Quality of ABR 3.3 The Correlation Coefficient of ABR 3.4 The Time Cost in Electrode Placement 4 Discussion References Shiro-Neko, A Stationmaster Robot that Operates an Unmanned Station 1 Introduction 2 Stationmaster Robot Shirokane 2.1 Stationmaster Robot Shironeko Concept 2.2 Functional Overview of Shiro-Neko Stationmaster Robot 3 Experimental Results 4 Conclusion References Analysis of the SO Adsorption on Boron, Nitrogen, and Phosphorous Doped Monolayer Silicene-A First Principle Study 1 Introduction 2 Computational Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 4 Summary and Future Scopes References Micro Sized Interdigital Capacitor for Gases Detection Based on Graphene Oxide Coating 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Interdigital Capacitor Fabrication 2.2 Experimental Setup 3 Results 4 Conclusions References AE-Sleep: An Adaptive Enhancement Sleep Quality System Utilizing Data Mining and Adaptive Model 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 2.1 Sleep Monitoring 2.2 Sleep Attributes 2.3 Prediction Models for Sleep Study 3 Problem Statements 4 Materials and Methods 4.1 AE-Sleep: System Overview 4.2 Data Sets 4.3 Finding Optimized Feature Set 4.4 Models to Predict Sleep Efficiency 5 Results 5.1 SE Prediction on PMdata 5.2 SE Prediction on Private Data 6 Conclusion References Capability Evaluation of Photothermal Frequency Modulation Technique for Screening Defective of Surface-Mounted Capacitor 1 Introduction 2 PTFM Technique 2.1 Measurement System 2.2 Prepared Samples 2.3 Measurement Results 3 Reliability Verification of PTFM Diagnostic Technique Compared with Other Techniques 3.1 Measurement of Capacitance and Isolated Resistance 3.2 Deviation of Emitted IR Detected by IR Camera 4 Summary References Microwave-Assisted Generation of Secondary Nanoparticles and Flame-Assisted Generation of an Amorphous Layer for Improving NO2 Gas Sensing Behaviors: A Mini Review 1 Introduction 2 Two Approaches for Enhancing the NO2 Sensing 2.1 MW-Assisted Synthesis of graphene-SnO2 Nanocomposites (NPs) 3 Flame-Assisted Generation of the Amorphous Layer 4 Conclusion References A Cognitive Digital Twin Architecture for Cybersecurity in IoT-Based Smart Homes 1 Introduction 2 Digital Twin vs Cognitive Digital Twin 3 Proposed Cognitive Digital Twin Architecture for Cybersecurity 4 Conclusions, Applicability and Future Directions References A Solution to Polynomial Unit Commitment Problems Using Nonlinear Programming 1 Introduction 2 Power Generation Costs and Optimization Problems in Polynomial Unit Commitment 2.1 Generator Cost Functions and Overall Performance Indices 2.2 Supply-Demand Restraints and Upper and Lower Limits 2.3 Unit Commitment as Optimization Problems 3 A Solution to Polynomial Unit Commitment Based on Nonlinear Programming 3.1 Lagrange Functions and min-max Problems 3.2 A Solution U of min-max Problems 3.3 A Solution P of min-max Problems Based on Nonlinear Programming 3.4 A Recursive Method Based on Nonlinear Programming 4 Numerical Examples 4.1 Parameter Setting 4.2 Computational Results 5 Conclusion References Quantifying the Known Unknowns: Estimating Water Take with Optical Remote Sensing and High-Resolution LiDAR DEMs 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Study Area 2.2 Calculation of Storage Volume Curve 2.3 Analysis of Satellite Imagery 2.4 Calculation of Crop Water Usage 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Storage Volume Curve 3.2 Volume Calculations 3.3 Crop Water Usage 4 Conclusion References Development of a New Line Illumination for Industrial Hyperspectral Imaging Systems 1 Introduction 2 Hyperspectral Imaging (HSI) 3 Optical Simulations 4 Rapid Prototyping 5 Measurements 6 Results 7 Summary and Outlook References Development of a Compact IR-ATR Sensor for Sugar Content Measurement in Liquid Foods 1 Introduction 2 Infrared Spectroscopy 3 Optical Design and Simulations 4 Measurements 5 Results 6 Summary and Outlook References Development of a Loop Animated Full-Color Metasurface Hologram with High Color Reproduction 1 Introduction 2 Material and Methods 2.1 Calculation of Transmittance and Phase Delay 2.2 Calculation of Intensity Distribution 2.3 Calculation of the Phase Distribution 2.4 Fabrication 3 Results 4 Conclusion References Admittance-Type Multifunctional Sensor Based System and Its Controller Design 1 Introduction 2 Methodology 2.1 Admittance-Type Multifunction Sensor 2.2 System Identification 3 Controller Design and Analysis 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Transient Response of Controller 5 Conclusion References Fabrication of Linear Polarization-Separating Silicon Metalens at Long-Wavelength Infrared 1 Introduction 2 Principle 3 Result 3.1 Electromagnetic Field Analysis 3.2 Metalens Design 3.3 Focusing Confirmation by Electromagnetic Field Analysis 3.4 Production and Condensed Light Confirmation 4 Conclusion References Semantically Processed Sensor Data in Health Care, Legislation Compliant, Ontologies 1 Introduction 2 Methods and Technology 3 Current Technology and Processes 4 Current Technology and Process Weakness 4.1 Data Science Techniques to Quantify Risk 4.2 Current System Configuration Weaknesses 4.3 Legacy Protocols, Communications and Support Methods 5 Converged Network – Services over IP 6 Sensor Technology Developments 6.1 The Current and Evolving State of the Technology 6.2 The Location 6.3 Derived Results 7 Conclusion References A Standalone Millimeter-Wave SLAM System for Indoor Search and Rescue 1 Introduction 2 Related Work 3 Standalone mmWave SLAM System 3.1 mmWave Radar Sensor 3.2 ICP Algorithm 3.3 2D Conversion 3.4 Map and Trajectory Optimisation 4 Experiments 4.1 Experimental Design 4.2 A Straight-Line Walking Test 4.3 An L-shape Walking Test 5 Conclusion References Integrated Compound-Eye Alvarez Metalens Array for Apposition Image Acquisition 1 Introduction 2 Methods 2.1 Design of Metaatoms for Metalens Fabrication 2.2 Design of Alvarez Metalens 2.3 Fabrication 3 Results and Discussion 4 Conclusion References Measuring Mueller Matrices of ‘Zesy002’ Kiwifruit Peel and Pericarp Slices 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Kiwifruit Samples and Preparation 2.2 Experimental Procedure 2.3 Rotating Retarder Fixed Polarizer (RRFP) Polarimeter 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 IAD Method – Reduced Scattering Coefficient 3.2 Depolarization Coefficient 3.3 Linear and Circular Retardance 4 Conclusion Appendix A Calibration of RRFP System References Detecting Sensor Faults and Outliers in Industrial Internet of Things 1 Introduction 1.1 Industrial IoT's in Action 2 Collecting Sensor Data for Outlier Detection and Correction 2.1 Sensor Intrinsic Faults and Outliers 2.2 Sensor Intrinsic Failure Scenario 2.3 Pseudo Outliers 2.4 Operator Discipline Outliers 2.5 Extrinsic Sensor Errors 2.6 Sporadic Sensor Events 2.7 Intermittent Sensor Outliers and Faults in IIoT 2.8 Known Sensor Outliers 3 Automated Deep Anomaly Detection Techniques 3.1 Statistical 3.2 Probabilistic 3.3 Proximity or Nearest-Neighbour Based 3.4 Clustering-Based 3.5 Machine Learning Algorithms to Detect Sensor Anomalies in IIoT 4 Federated Learning Based IIoT Outlier Detection 4.1 Outliers 5 Proposed Federated Learning Based IIoT Sensor Outlier Detection 6 Conclusion and Future Work References Thermal Li-Ion Battery Management with Distributed Sensors on Cooling Foil Shields 1 Introduction 2 Design Concept 3 Reconstruction Method 4 Conclusion References Optical Performance and UV Detection Properties of ZnO Nanofilms Using FDTD Simulation 1 Introduction 2 Simulation Outline 3 UNN ZnO Film Fabrication and OpticaL Measuremnts 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References RFID Enabled Humidity Sensing and Traceability 1 Introduction 2 Working Principle 3 Proposed CRFID Tag 3.1 Tag Design 3.2 Layout Dimensions 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Taconic TLX-0 Substrate 4.2 FR-4 Substrate 4.3 Kapton® HN Substrate 4.4 Rogers RT/Duriod® 5870 Substrate 4.5 Rogers RT-Duriod 5880 Substrate 4.6 Shorted Tag Design 5 Humidity Sensor Tag 6 Conclusion References Wearable Ultraviolet Photodetector for Real Time UV Index Monitoring 1 Introduction 2 Materials, Devices and Methods 2.1 Materials 2.2 Fabrication Technique 2.3 Sensor Testing Apparatus 3 UV Sensor System 3.1 Electronic Components 3.2 Device Design 4 Results and Discussions 4.1 Sensor Testing Results 4.2 Device Indoor Testing 4.3 Device Outdoor Testing 5 Conclusion References A Wearable Microwave Technique for Early Detection of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) 1 Introduction 2 Antenna Design 2.1 Design of Resonance Based Reflector 2.2 Design of Bow-Tie Antenna 2.3 Antenna Parameters 3 Methodology 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion and Future Scope References Acoustic Sensing in Microfluidic Cell 1 Introduction 2 CFD Model and Governing Equations 3 Modeling and Measurement Results 4 Conclusion References Development of Compact Actuator for Direct Measurement of Skin Displacement in Ultrasonic Haptics 1 Introduction 2 Theory of Tactile Stimulation 2.1 Relationship Between Skin Displacement and Tactile Stimulation 2.2 Generation of Tactile Stimulation by Convergent Ultrasonic Wave 3 Experimental Setup 3.1 The Miniature Ultrasonic Haptic Actuator 3.2 Experimental Setup 4 Experimental Results 4.1 Sound Pressure Characteristics 4.2 Sound Pressure Distribution 4.3 Results of Sensory Evaluation 5 Conclusion References An Efficient Inductance-to-Digital Converter Insensitive to Coil Resistance of Differential Type Inductive Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Operation of the Proposed Inductance-to-Digital Converter 2.1 Circuit Description 2.2 Operation 3 Experimental Setup and Results 3.1 Experimental Setup 3.2 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References A Novel Relaxation Oscillator Based Single-Element Type Inductance-to-Time Converter 1 Introduction 2 Operation of the Proposed Inductance to Time Converter 2.1 Circuit Description 2.2 Operation 3 Experimental Setup and Results 3.1 Experimental Setup 3.2 Results 4 Discussion 5 Conclusion References Space and Time Data Exploration of Air Quality Based on PM10 Sensor Data in Greater Sydney 2015–2021 1 Introduction 2 Data and Methodology 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 Space-Time Exploration Based on Daily PM10 Concentrations 3.2 Space-Time Exploration Based on Daily PM10 Exceedance 3.3 Clustering of Monitoring Sites 4 Conclusion References Wearable Sensors and Smart Clothing: Trends and Potentials for Research 1 Introduction 2 Identification of the Number of Research Publications on Wearable Sensors for Infant Sleep 2.1 Comparison of Publications on Sleep Sensors for Adults and Infants 2.2 Identification of Publications on Sleep Sensors for Infants in Google Scholar 2.3 The Design Placements of the Infant Sleep Sensors and Possible Limitations 3 Conclusion References Performance Analysis of Multiple Cavity Dielectric Modulated Tunnel FET Biosensor with High Detection Sensitivity 1 Introduction 2 Device Structure and Operating Principle 3 Simulation Methodology, Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Integrated Platform for Microfluidics Based Cell Culture Applications 1 Introduction 2 Experimental 2.1 3D Printed Housing and Fluid Management System 2.2 Electrical Control and Lens Free Microscopy System Integration 2.3 Microfluidic Device 2.4 Cell Culture 3 Results and Discussions 4 Conclusions References Performance Analysis of Split Gate Schottky Barrier Tunnel FET Biosensor 1 Introduction 2 Device Structure and Operating Principle 3 Working Principle and Energy Band Profiles 4 Results and Discussions 5 Conclusions References A Capacitive Cantilever-Based Flow Sensor 1 Introduction 2 Capacitively Coupled Cantilever Sensor 2.1 Finite Element Analysis 3 Experimental Set-Up and Results 4 Conclusion References Interference Mitigation via NMF for Radio Astronomy Applications: A Feasibility Study 1 Introduction 2 Pulsar Processing 3 Nonnegative Matrix Factorization 4 Proposed RFI Mitigation Techniques 4.1 Supervised NMF with Frequency Selection 4.2 Supervised NMF with RFI Template 5 Performance Evaluation 5.1 Figures of Merit 5.2 Experimental Setup 5.3 Pre-folding Results 5.4 Post-folding Results 6 Conclusions References Implementation of an Extrapolated Single-Propagation Particle Filter for Interference Source Localization Using a Sensor Network 1 Introduction 2 Extrapolated Single-Propagation Particle Filter Algorithm 3 Methods 3.1 Hardware Implementation 3.2 Hardware Performance Testing 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Towards Wide-Band Laser Heterodyne Radiometer for Space Applications 1 Introduction 2 Laser Heterodyne Radiometer 2.1 Background, Analysis and Comparison 2.2 Challenges for LHR Wideband Detection 3 Conclusions and Future Work References Design, Development, and Implementation of an IoT-Enable Sensing System for Agricultural Farms 1 Introduction 2 Necessary Parameters for Agricultural Applications 2.1 Soil Carbon 2.2 Rainfall 2.3 Soil Moisture and Temperature 2.4 Air Temperature and Humidity 2.5 Atmospheric Pressure 2.6 Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 2.7 Total Volatile Organic Component (TVOC) 3 Sensing System Development and Implementation 4 System Installation and Results 5 Conclusion References Initial Studies for a Novel Electromagnetic Sensor for Detection of Carbon Content in Soil 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Sensor 3 Experimental Procedure 4 Results and Discussion 5 Conclusion References Performance Evaluation of Interdigitated Electrodes for Electrochemical Detection of Nitrates in Water 1 Introduction 1.1 Operating Principle of Interdigitated Sensor 2 Design of Proposed System 3 Results 3.1 Bare Electrode Testing 3.2 PDMS Coated Electrode Testing 4 Conclusion References Coupled Monopole Antenna Array for IoT Based Smart Home Devices and Sensors 1 Introduction 2 Antenna Design 3 Analysis and Results 3.1 Effect of Substrate Dimensions 3.2 2 × 1 Array Configuration 4 Conclusion References Flexible Tactile Sensors Based on 3D Printed Moulds 1 Introduction 2 Fabrication of the Sensing Prototypes 3 Experimental Results 4 Conclusion References Fundamentals of Bio-Signal Sensor Design and Development in Medical Applications 1 Introduction 2 Materials and Methods 2.1 Active Dry Electrode Design Considerations 2.2 Bio-Signal Processing Circuits 3 Results and Discussion 3.1 DRL Circuit SPICE Analysis 3.2 Digital Signal Processing (DSP) and Signal De-Noising 3.3 Experimental Bio-Potential Signal Processing Circuit 4 Conclusions and Future Work References Improved Interfacing Circuit for Planar Coil-Based Thin Angle Sensors 1 Introduction 1.1 A Variable Reluctance-Based Thin Angle Sensor 2 Differential Measurement Method 2.1 Measurement System 3 Ratiometric Measurement 3.1 Measurement Circuit 4 Experimental Results 5 Conclusions References Multi-sensing Platform Design with a Grating-Based Nanostructure on a Coverslip Substrate 1 Introduction 2 Theory and Simulations 3 Results 3.1 Grating Pattern 3.2 Grating Pattern with a Constant Thickness Section 4 Conclusions References A Technology Review and Field Testing of a Soil Water Quality Monitoring System 1 Introduction 2 Essential Soil Water Quality Parameters 2.1 Soil Moisture Content 2.2 Soil Temperature 2.3 Soil pH 2.4 Soil Nitrate 2.5 Soil Phosphate 2.6 Soil Potassium 2.7 Soil Salinity 2.8 Soil Carbon 3 Recent Advancements on Soil Water Quality Monitoring Systems 4 Proposed System 4.1 Field Installation and Preliminary Results 5 Conclusion and Future Works References Vertical Trajectory Analysis Using QR Code Detection for Drone Delivery Application 1 Introduction 2 Proposed Screening Pattern 3 Results and Tests 3.1 Drone Flight Test 3.2 Classification of Barcode at Different Levels 4 Conclusion References Causality Assessment for IIoT Sensing System and Digital Twin 1 Introduction 1.1 Digital Twin (DT) 1.2 Digital Twin Representation 1.3 Architecture 1.4 Application and Advantages 1.5 Causal Effect 2 Structural and Granger Causality for IoT Digital Twins 3 Experimental Setup 4 Results and Analysis 5 Conclusion References Author Index