Global Labour in Distress, Volume II: Earnings, (In)decent Work and Institutions

Description

This book, the second of two volumes, explores the transformations to the labour market observed since the offi cial end of the Cold War in 1991. This period is defi ned by the retreat of the state and a move towards more market-based economies, followed by a State comeback with the Great Recession. These bumpy decades for labour and changing labour policies are analysed thematically.  The second volume focuses on labour earnings and inequality, underemployment, (in)decent work, and labour market policies. This book aims to examine how labour institutions, both in developed and developing countries, have responded to the challenges faced over the last 30 years. It will be relevant to students and researchers interested in labour economics, political economy, and development economics. Preface Acknowledgements Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Graphs List of Tables Introduction: Policies for All Seasons: The Post-Cold War Era 1 Introduction 2 A Changing World 3 Changing Paradigms 4 Taxing as a Tool 5 Concluding Remarks References Part I: Inequality Income Inequality and Effectiveness in Redistribution 1 Introduction 2 Inequality Post-1991 3 Tackling Inequality 4 In This Part: Earnings and Inequality References Changing Perspectives on Inequality and Development 1 Introduction 2 Conceptual Issues 3 Inequality and Justice 4 The Instrumental Effects of Inequality 5 Is Rising Inequality Inevitable? 6 Policy Perspectives 7 Political Economy 8 Conclusions References Income Inequality and Labour 1 What Are the Drivers of Income Inequality? 2 COVID-19 and Income Inequality 3 Conclusion References Unions and Wage Inequality 1 Introduction 2 Unions and Wage Inequality 3 A Review of the Literature on Unions and Inequality 4 Estimating the Effect of Unions on Wage Inequality 5 Summary and Conclusions 6 Data Appendix References Economic Transformation and the Gender Earnings Gap in Urban China 1 Introduction 2 Changes in China Affecting Urban Workers 3 Methodological Considerations 4 Data and Research Strategy 5 A Statistical Picture of the Changed Urban Labour Force 6 Earnings Functions 7 Decomposition of Average Gender Gaps 8 Decomposition Using the Distribution Approach 9 Conclusion References The Geography of Poverty, Inequality and Wealth in the UK and Abroad: Because Enough Is Never Enough 1 The Origins of the Statistics and Cartography of Poverty in England and Wales (1845–1901) 2 From the First National Counts to the First National Surveys (1895–1965) 3 Current Era and the Persistence of Poverty over Time (1968–2008) 4 Poverty, Inequality and Wealth and Why Enough Is Never Enough 5 Conclusion References Measuring Inequality of Opportunity for the Backward Communities: Regional Evidence from the Indian Labour Market 1 Introduction 2 Literature Review Affirmative Action Policies in India Literature Review 3 The Data 4 A Comparison of Income: Some Stylized Facts 5 Determinants of Wage: Estimating a Mincerian Equation 6 Analysing Inequality of Opportunities Estimation of Inequality of Opportunities Decomposition of Inequality 7 Conclusion and Implications References The COVID-19 Pandemic, Economic Inequality and Democracy 1 Introduction 2 Inequality 3 Democracy 4 Conclusions References Part II: (In)decent Work Decent Work for Change 1 From Work to Decent Work: The Evolution of a Concept 2 Working Conditions Since 1991 3 Decent Work Agenda on the Rise 4 In This Section: (In)decent Work References Minimum Wages and Poverty with Income-Sharing 1 Introduction 2 Minimum Wage and Poverty: Individuals in a Competitive Labor Market 3 The Social Sharing Model 4 The Family Sharing Model Case A Case B Case C 5 Discussion and Conclusion References What Is Unemployment in Europe? Concepts and Measurement in the European Community Household Panel 1 Introduction 2 Unemployment Measures: A Brief Survey of the Literature 3 Benchmarking the Unemployment Measures in the ECHP 4 What Makes the Unemployment Measures Differ in and Between the ECHP Countries? 5 Model and Estimation Results 6 Concluding Remarks References Workers and Labour Market Outcomes of Informal Jobs in Formal Establishments 1 Introduction 2 Informal Work: Theoretical Perspectives and Empirical Findings Defining the Informal Economy Job-Based Definitions of Informal Work The Socio-demographic Characteristics of Informal Workers The Labour Market in the Nine African Countries 3 Methods and Data Research Objectives and Choice of Countries Sampling Strategy, Questionnaire, Interviews and Dataset Operationalization of Characteristics and Outcomes 4 Findings: Determinants and Outcomes of Informality The Informality Index Personal and Workplace Variation of Informality Labour Market Outcomes 5 Conclusions References The Rigidity of Labour Informality in Peru: The Need for a Paradigm Switch 1 Defining and Understanding Informality 2 A Spiral of Good Intentions and Bad Outcomes References (In)decent Work for Youth in Agro-Industrial Value Chains in Uganda 1 Decent Work for Youth and Women in Uganda 2 The Daily Work of Youth and Women in Uganda 3 Opportunities for Decent Work 4 Conclusion References Corporate Responsibility and Gender: Failing Women Workers in Global Production 1 Introduction 2 Corporate Responsibility: The Role of Social Compliance 3 Women Workers in Global Value Chains: The Failure of Social Audits 4 Social Compliance: A Channel for Addressing Gender Discrimination? References Untitled How Family-Friendly Work Environments Affect Work/Family Conflict: A Meta-Analytic Examination 1 Introduction 2 Work-Family Conflict 3 Components of Family-Friendly Work Environments Work/Family Programs and Policies Family-Friendly Culture 4 The Present Study 5 Method Database Coding Procedure Analysis Facets of Family-Friendly Work Environments Incremental Variance of Family-Friendly Work Environments over Spousal Support 6 Results 7 Discussion Limitations and Implications for Future Research Implications for Organizational Practice 8 Conclusion References How Employed Mothers in Australia Find Time for Both Market Work and Childcare 1 Introduction 2 Review of the Literature 3 Data and Method Descriptive Analysis Multivariate Analysis 4 Results Multivariate Analysis Unpaid Work Sleep Personal Care Childfree Recreation 5 Conclusion Appendix References Part III: Labour and Institutions Labour Policies for All Tastes 1 Introduction 2 Minimum Wage 3 Unemployment 4 Fighting Discrimination 5 In This Section: Labour and Institutions References Institutions for High-Quality Growth: What They Are and How to Acquire Them 1 Introduction 2 Which Institutions Matter? 3 How Are “Good” Institutions Acquired? 4 Participatory Political Regimes Deliver Higher-Quality Growth 5 Concluding Remarks References Labor Standards and Labor Market Flexibility in East Asia 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Measuring Labor Standards and Flexibility Labor Standards Labor Market Flexibility 4 Core Labor Standards Preferential Trade Programs and Free Trade Agreements Multinational Codes of Conduct IFIs and the OECD 5 Labor Market Flexibility IFI Pressures Labor Market Reform 6 Conclusion References The Recent Movement Towards a Four-Day Working Week References Labor Market Institutions and Demographic Employment Patterns 1 Introduction 2 A Model of Unionization and Disaggregate Employment Key Insight Other Dimensions of Cross-Group Heterogeneity Partial Unionization and Wage-Setting Differentiation An Alternative Framework 3 Empirical Evidence The Data Regression Results The Empirical Impact of Unionization on Relative Employment Outcomes Robustness Demographic Wage Differentials 4 Conclusion Appendix Demographic Disaggregation of Employment and Unemployment Institutional Indicators References Equilibrium Unemployment and the Duration of Unemployment Benefits 1 Introduction 2 How Potential Benefit Duration Affects Unemployment Theory Empirical Literature 3 Institutional Background 4 Data and Empirical Strategy 5 Empirical Estimates Unemployment Outflow and Inflow 6 Benefit Duration and Equilibrium Unemployment Simulations for Subgroups 7 Conclusion References Social Protection Schemes in Ethiopia: The Productive Safety Net Program and the Community Based Health Insurance Scheme 1 Introduction 2 Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) 3 Community Based Health Insurance (CBHI) References How Impact Evaluation Is Shaping the Design of Labour Market Policies 1 Progress Made in Labour Economics Towards the Use of Causal Inference for Policy Analysis 2 The Future of Impact Evaluation for Labour Market Policy Analysis: Exploiting Its Full Potential References Data Gap Analysis, Indicator Selection and Index Development: A Case for Developing Economies 1 Introduction Institutional Structure for SDG Implementation in India 2 Methodology SDGs and Their Global TIER Classification Indicator Selection, Data Gap and Availability Analysis MRI Indicator Classification by Class MRI Indicator Classification by Type of Data Source MRI Indicator Classification by Year of Reference State/UT Coverage and Regional Classification Handling the Missing Data SDG Measurement: Index Development Normalization Setting Indicator Targets Weighting of Indicators and Goals Aggregation of Indicators and Goals SDG Index Formula Benchmarking Strategy Regional Benchmarks Comparison with Country Average Scores 3 Some Observations and Insights: SDG Implementation and Data Analysis SDG Indicator Selection, Statistical Capacity, Survey and Census Exercises National and Local Government Relationship Data Revolution and International Partnerships Voluntary National Reviews 4 Data Analysis and SDG Index Creation: Results Data Gap and Availability Analysis Classification by Indicator Class Classification by Type of Data Year of Reference of the Indicators Rationale Used to Define Global Targets SDG Index Benchmark States States with Performance Less Than India Average 5 Conclusion Appendix 1 Appendix 2 References Illusions and Disillusions with Poverty Reduction Strategies: Growth, Crisis and the MDGs in Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua 1 Introduction 2 Growth and Progress Towards the MDGs and the PRSPs for Bolivia, Honduras and Nicaragua Economic Growth and the MDGs Bolivia Honduras Nicaragua 3 Macroeconomic Trade-offs in Achieving Poverty Reduction Goals Model Framework Pre-crisis Business as Usual Is Not Good Enough Crisis and the MDGs Costs of Achieving the MDGs by 2015 MDG Spending and Pro-poor Economic Recovery? Financing Scaled-up Social Spending 4 Conclusions and Policy Implications Appendix References Index