Microbial Consortium and Biotransformation for Pollution Decontamination

Description

Microbial Consortium and Biotransformation for Pollution Decontamination presents techniques for the decontamination of polluted environs through potential microbes, particularly examining the benefits of its broad applicability, sustainability and eco-friendly nature. Utilizing global case studies to describe practical applications of the technology, the book offers insights into the latest research on advanced microbiological tools and techniques for the remediation of severe pollutants from the environment. Environmental researchers and environmental managers focusing on pollution and decontamination will find both key contextual information and practical details that are essential in understanding the use of microbial technology for combatting pollutants. Recent advancements in the field of NGS (next-generation sequencing) have allowed more detailed genomic, bioinformatics and metagenomic analyses of potential environmentally important microbes that have led to significant breakthroughs into key bio-degradative pathways. With the increase in human activities around the globe, toxic pollutants from multiple sources have contaminated the earth on a large number scale. Front Cover Microbial Consortium and Biotransformation for Pollution Decontamination Copyright Page Dedication Contents List of contributors About the editors Foreword Preface Acknowledgments About the book 1 Threats and consequences of untreated wastewater on freshwater environments 1.1 Introduction 1.2 What is sewage? 1.3 Contaminant sources of emerging concerns 1.3.1 Wastewater 1.3.2 Sewage sludge 1.3.3 Urban solid waste 1.4 Fate of contaminants 1.5 Ecological risk and health assessment of emerging contaminant in untreated water 1.6 Untreated wastewater as a cause of antibiotic resistance 1.7 Impact of wastewater on cities 1.8 Impact of wastewater on industry 1.9 Impact of wastewater on agriculture 1.10 Impact of wastewater on natural bodies of water 1.11 Impact of untreated wastewater on microbial diversity 1.12 Impact of wastewater in aquatic environments 1.13 Biologic hazards in aquatic environments 1.14 Major threats 1.15 Why should wastewater be treated? 1.16 Challenges and opportunities 1.17 Conclusion References 2 Unraveling a correlation between environmental contaminants and human health 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Environmental toxicology and related human health risks 2.2.1 Air pollution 2.2.2 Hazard effect on health 2.2.3 Nonpoint source pollution 2.2.4 Chemical pollution from the environment 2.3 The environmental impact of chemical fertilizers and excessive fertilizers on water quality 2.3.1 Oxygen consumption 2.3.2 Weed growth and algae bloom 2.4 Method to reveal the relationship between human body, environment, and emotion data 2.5 Conclusion References 3 Effect of wastewater from industries on freshwater ecosystem: threats and remedies 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Saline wastewater: its impact and treatment 3.2.1 Effect of salinity on freshwater ecosystem 3.3 Food-processing industry wastewater 3.4 Leather industry wastewater 3.5 Effluents from petroleum industry 3.6 Plastic industries and micro- and nanoplastic in freshwater ecosystem 3.6.1 Effect of microplastic on freshwater ecosystem 3.7 Effect of different wastewater from industries on freshwater organisms 3.8 Remedies to reduce industrial effluents 3.9 Conclusion References 4 Credibility on biosensors for monitoring contamination in aquatic environs 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Major sources of water pollution 4.3 Biosensors 4.3.1 Biosensors for the detection of heavy metals 4.3.1.1 Enzyme-based biosensors 4.3.1.2 Protein-based biosensor 4.3.1.3 Antibody-based biosensor 4.3.1.4 Deoxyribonucleic acid-based biosensor 4.3.1.5 Naturally occurring whole-cell biosensor 4.3.1.6 Genetic engineering-based biosensor 4.3.2 Biosensors for the detection of microorganisms 4.3.2.1 Optical biosensors 4.3.2.2 Electrochemical biosensor 4.3.3 Biosensors for the detection of organic pollutants 4.3.3.1 Organic pollutants 4.3.3.2 Optical biosensors 4.3.3.3 Electrochemical biosensors 4.3.3.4 Thermal biosensors 4.4 General limitations, challenges, and future prospects of biosensors in wastewater monitoring 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Microbial systems, current trends, and future prospective: a systemic analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Microbiology for soil health, environmental protection, and sustainable agriculture 5.3 Future prospects of environmental microorganisms 5.4 Microbial pesticides 5.5 Microorganisms’ impending visions 5.6 Interconnections between plants and soil microorganisms 5.7 Plant acquisition of nutrients: direct uptake from the soil 5.7.1 Mycorrhizal interactions with plants 5.8 Conclusion and remark References 6 Microbial consortia for pollution remediation—Success stories 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Bioremediation 6.3 Microbial consortia—a multispecialized biological system for bioremediation 6.4 Microbial consortia and degradation of pollutants 6.4.1 Degradation of petroleum components 6.4.2 Remediation of wastewater 6.4.3 Degradation of industrial dyes 6.4.4 Remediation of other organic pollutants 6.5 Conclusion and future perspective Acknowledgment References 7 Biological transformation as a technique in pollution decontamination 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Biological transformation 7.3 Biological transformation classes 7.3.1 Biotransformation 7.3.1.1 Biotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds 7.3.1.2 Biotransformation of metals and metalloids 7.3.1.3 Biotransformation of phenol compounds 7.3.1.4 Biotransformation of pesticides 7.3.1.5 Biotransformation of real effluents 7.3.2 Phytotransformation 7.3.2.1 Phytotransformation of fluorinated compounds 7.3.3 Mycotransformation 7.3.3.1 Mycotransformation of pesticides 7.3.3.2 Mycotransformation of metals 7.3.3.3 Mycotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds 7.3.3.4 Mycotransformation of phenol compounds 7.3.3.5 Mycotransformation of dyes 7.3.4 Phycotransformation 7.3.4.1 Phycotransformation of metals and metalloids 7.3.4.2 Phycotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds 7.3.5 Zootransformation 7.3.5.1 Zootransformation of fluorinated compounds 7.3.5.2 Zootransformation of metals and metalloids 7.4 Factors influencing biological transformation 7.5 Functional genes implicated in biological transformation 7.6 Enzymes involved in biological transformation 7.7 Nanomaterial biological transformation 7.8 Cometabolic biological transformation 7.8.1 Cometabolic biotransformation 7.8.2 Cometabolic phycotransformation 7.9 Conclusions and future perspectives References 8 Role of polyphosphate accumulating organisms in enhanced biological phosphorous removal 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Natural occurrence of polyphosphate accumulating organisms 8.3 Microbiology of EBPR and polyphosphate accumulating organisms 8.4 Biochemistry of EBPR and phosphate accumulating organism 8.5 EBPR with acetate as a carbon source 8.6 EBPR metabolism with substrates other than acetate 8.7 Enzymes involved in poly P metabolism 8.7.1 Poly P synthesis 8.7.2 Poly P degradation 8.8 EBPR configurations 8.8.1 Mainstream process 8.8.1.1 A/O or A2/O 8.8.1.2 University of Cape Town-modified process 8.8.1.3 Johannesburg configuration 8.8.2 Sidestream 8.8.2.1 PhoStrip 8.8.2.2 Biological–chemical phosphorous and nitrogen removal configuration 8.8.3 Cycling system 8.8.3.1 Biodenipho process 8.8.3.2 Oxidation ditch design 8.9 Parameters to consider in EBPR process 8.9.1 Temperature 8.9.1.1 Recent research on EBPR process in tropical conditions 8.9.2 Carbon source and wastewater composition 8.9.3 pH 8.9.4 Sludge age 8.9.5 Recycle of nitrates 8.9.6 Sludge phosphorous content 8.10 Criteria to monitor effective EBPR process 8.11 Transfer of energy pathway genes in microbial enhanced biological phosphorous removal communities 8.12 Novel and potential EBPR system 8.13 Conclusion and future perspective References 9 Genetically engineered bacteria: a novel technique for environmental decontamination 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Environmental contaminants 9.2.1 Heavy metal contamination 9.2.2 Dye-based hazardous pollutants 9.2.3 Radioactive compounds 9.2.4 Agricultural chemicals: herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers 9.2.5 Petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminants 9.2.6 Polychlorinated biphenyls 9.3 Genetically engineered bacteria and their construction 9.4 Genetically engineered bacteria for a sustainable environment 9.4.1 Remediation of toxic heavy metals 9.4.2 Bioremediation of dye by engineered bacteria 9.4.3 Bioremediation of radionuclides 9.4.4 Bioremediation of agricultural chemicals: herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers 9.4.5 Petroleum and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminants 9.4.6 Bioremediation of polychlorinated biphenyls 9.5 Factors affecting bioremediation from genetically engineered bacteria 9.6 Limitations and challenges of in-field release of genetically engineered bacteria 9.7 Survivability and sustenance of genetically engineered bacteria 9.8 Conclusion Acknowledgments Abbreviations References 10 An eco-friendly approach for the degradation of azo dyes and their effluents by Pleurotus florida 10.1 Introduction 10.2 White-rot fungi 10.2.1 Oyster mushroom or Pleurotus florida 10.3 Textile dyes 10.3.1 Description of dyes 10.4 Scenario of textile dyes utilized in India 10.5 Explication of dyeing process in textile industries 10.6 Hallmarks of wastes effected by the textile industry 10.7 Impact of textile dyes on environment 10.8 Dye decolorization methods 10.8.1 Physical method 10.8.2 Chemical method 10.8.3 Biological method 10.9 Oxidative and hydrolytic enzymes of Pleurotus florida used in decolorization of azo dyes 10.9.1 Laccase (E.C 1.10. 3.2) 10.9.2 Manganese peroxidase (E.C. 1.11.1.13) 10.9.3 Lignin peroxidase 10.10 Factors influencing the dye decolorization 10.10.1 Influence of pH and temperature 10.10.2 Impact of nitrogen source 10.10.3 Influence of carbon source 10.10.4 Concentration of dye 10.10.5 Consequence of redox mediators 10.10.6 Repercussion of azo dye structure 10.11 Toxicity of decolorization products and evaluation methods 10.12 Conclusion References 11 Endophytic Microbes: Bioremediation of soil contaminants 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Endophytic microbes 11.3 Plant growth-promoting bacteria 11.4 Mechanisms involving endophyte-mediated phytoremediation enhancement 11.4.1 Direct ways of phytoremediation via endophytes 11.4.1.1 Biodegradation 11.4.1.2 Cometabolization 11.4.1.3 Metal extraction 11.4.1.4 Bioaccumulation 11.4.2 Indirect ways to promote phytoremediation via endophytes 11.4.2.1 Plant nutrient supply 11.4.2.2 Plant growth regulation 11.4.2.3 Stress alleviation 11.4.2.4 Biocommunication and metabolite sharing 11.5 Functions of endophytes in pollutant bioremediation 11.6 Role of endophytes in plant growth promotion 11.6.1 Biofertilization 11.6.2 Potential source of bioactive constituents 11.6.3 Biocontrol activities 11.6.4 Nutrient cycling 11.6.5 Biodegradation and bioremediation 11.7 Conclusion and future perspective References 12 Fungi, eukaryotic microorganisms involved in bioremediation of contaminated environments 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Environmental contamination 12.3 Types of environmental contamination 12.3.1 Air contamination 12.3.2 Water contamination 12.3.3 Soil contamination 12.4 Bioremediation 12.4.1 In situ bioremediation 12.4.1.1 Natural attenuation 12.4.1.2 Bioventing 12.4.1.3 Biostimulation 12.4.1.4 Bioaugmentation 12.4.1.5 Biosparging 12.4.2 Ex situ bioremediation 12.4.2.1 Composting 12.4.2.2 Landfarming 12.4.2.3 Biopiles 12.4.2.4 Bioreactors 12.4.2.5 Bioslurry 12.5 Fungi and its significant role in bioremediation 12.6 Types of fungi involved in bioremediation 12.7 Fungal interactions with microorganisms or superior organisms for bioremediation 12.8 Bioremediation mechanisms developed by fungi 12.9 Fungal genes and enzymes involved in bioremediation 12.10 Conclusion and perspectives Acknowledgments References 13 Biosurfactants for the recovery and remediation of oil and petroleum waste 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Classification of biosurfactants and their microbial origin 13.1.2 Properties of biosurfactants to be used in pollutant remediation 13.2 Biosurfactants in petroleum industries 13.2.1 Characteristics of biosurfactants to be used in petroleum industry 13.2.2 Oil waste treatment using biosurfactants 13.2.3 Mechanism for recovery and removal of oil 13.2.4 Extraction of crude oil by the use of biosurfactants 13.2.5 Biosurfactants for the transportation of crude oil 13.2.6 Cleaning of oil storage vessels for oil recovery 13.3 Biosurfactants for oil waste treatment and bioremediation 13.4 Biosurfactants as demulsifying agents 13.5 Bioremediation of oil waste and spilling 13.6 Biodegradation of diesel by biosurfactants 13.7 Bioremediation of metal-contaminated sites by biosurfactants 13.8 Conclusion References 14 Biofilm: a doable microbial continuum for the treatment of wastewater 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Mechanism of biofilm formation 14.2.1 Three major events of microbial extracellular biofilm formation 14.2.1.1 Adherence on surfaces 14.2.1.2 Maturation 14.2.1.3 Dispersion 14.3 Biofilm-producing microbes 14.3.1 Why do microbial cells grow as biofilm? 14.4 Types of biofilm system for wastewater treatment 14.4.1 Trickling filters 14.4.2 Rotating biological contactor system 14.4.3 Constructed wetland system 14.4.4 Membrane bioreactors 14.5 Factors affecting biofilm-based wastewater treatment 14.5.1 Effects of nutrients, pH, and temperature 14.5.2 Surface topography 14.5.3 Velocity, turbulence, and hydrodynamics 14.5.4 Gene regulation and quorum sensing 14.5.5 Production of extracellular polymeric substances 14.5.6 Extracellular DNA 14.5.7 Divalent cations 14.6 Wastewater pollutants remediated by biofilms 14.7 Research paradigm on biofilm 14.8 Conclusion References 15 Biotechnology: the sustainable tool for effective treatment of wastewater 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Classification of biodegradation processes 15.2.1 Bacterial biodegradation 15.2.2 Algal biodegradation 15.2.3 Fungal biodegradation 15.3 Factors affecting biodegradation process: an overview 15.3.1 Effects of dye concentration 15.3.2 Effects of molecular structure 15.3.3 Effects of pH 15.3.4 Effects of temperature 15.3.5 Effects of nitrogen content 15.3.6 Effects of impurities 15.3.7 Effects of agitation 15.3.8 Effects of aerobatic conditions 15.4 Bacterial biodegradation and biodecolorization 15.4.1 Mechanism of bacterial dye degradation 15.4.2 Mechanism that involves enzymatic tool 15.4.2.1 Decolorization through azoreductase 15.4.2.2 Decolorization by nonspecific reductases 15.4.2.3 Decolorization by lignin peroxidase 15.4.2.4 Decolorization through laccases 15.4.2.5 Decolorization by polyphenol oxidase (tyrosinase) 15.4.2.6 Veratryl alcohol oxidase 15.4.3 Mechanism that involves redox mediator/electron shuttle 15.4.4 Mechanism that involves biogenic reductants 15.4.5 Factors affecting bacterial decolorization 15.4.5.1 The pH of the medium 15.4.5.2 Effects of temperature change 15.4.5.3 Effects of dissolved oxygen 15.4.5.4 Effects of agitation 15.4.5.5 Effects of saline condition 15.4.5.6 Effects of carbon/nitrogen supplement 15.4.5.7 Effects of the dye’s structure 15.4.5.8 Effects of the dye’s concentration 15.4.5.9 Effects of aeration supply 15.5 Fungal biodegradation and biodecolorization 15.5.1 Mechanism of mycoremediation 15.5.2 Biosorption 15.5.2.1 Factors affecting biosorption 15.5.3 Bioaccumulation 15.5.4 Biodegradation 15.5.5 Advantage of fungal biodegradation and biodecolorization 15.6 Algal biodegradation and biodecolorization 15.6.1 Dye-ion accumulation and biocoagulation 15.6.2 Diffusion 15.6.3 Biocoagulation 15.6.4 Factors affecting algal biodegradation 15.6.4.1 pH 15.6.4.2 Temperature 15.6.4.3 Dye concentration 15.7 Future prospectus: an importance 15.7.1 Energy requirement 15.7.2 Coculture application 15.7.3 Bioreactor for effective decolorization of textile dyes 15.7.4 Techniques used for the characterization 15.7.5 Identification of intermediates 15.7.6 Identification of degradation products 15.7.7 Assessment of detoxification of dye degradation products 15.8 Conclusion References 16 Microbial decontamination: economic and environmental benefits 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Textile industry wastewater 16.3 Treatment of textile industrial effluent 16.3.1 Bacterial biodegradation of textile effluents 16.3.1.1 Microbial mechanism of azo dye decomposition 16.3.2 Phycoremediation: algal decomposition and decolorization of fabric dyes 16.3.3 Mycoremediation: fungi’s role in decomposition and decolorization of synthetic dyes 16.3.4 Decontamination of textile effluent by yeast 16.3.5 Enzymatic degradation of textile effluents 16.4 Decontamination of textile industry effluent via biosorption 16.4.1 Mechanisms of biosorption 16.5 Environmental perspectives 16.5.1 Detrimental impacts to living bodies 16.5.2 Impacts on humans beings 16.5.3 Effects on water bodies 16.6 Conclusion 16.7 Future perspectives References Index Back Cover