Microbial Bioremediation: Sustainable Management of Environmental Contamination

Description

Microbial bioremediation and biodegradation in environmental monitoring offers an environmentally friendly approach for the monitoring and effective removal of contaminants. Various aspects of microbial-mediated bioremediation take advantage of the microorganisms’ ability to transform noxious compounds into utilizable intermediates and value-added products. Different microbial metabolites such as enzymes, biosurfactants, emulsifiers, organic acids, and solvents play significant roles in the decontamination of radioactive and heavy metals, chemical pesticides, and organic contaminants such as dyes and hydrocarbons in environmentally safe manners. Recent advancements in biochemical engineering, OMICS and genetic modification, and synthetic-biology pave ways for identifying indicator microbial strains, mechanisms of remediation, and the development of tailor-made microbe-metabolites for future applications. Microbial biotechnology in environmental monitoring and bioremediation thus represent a new way to rehabilitate and reconstruct “damaged” ecosystems. This work summarizes the latest research in the field of environmental bioremediation and offers fascinating insights on the behaviours of these unique microorganisms. It also presents exciting, new perspectives for the application of microbes in environmental protection. It is suitable for students, scholars, researchers and organizations involved in environmental protection. Foreword Preface About the Book Key Features Contents About the Editors A Diverse Array of Microbial Taxa Affianced in Bioremediation to Counteract Environmental Pollution 1 Introduction 2 Principle of Bioremediation 2.1 Types of Bioremediations 2.1.1 In Situ Bioremediation 2.1.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation 3 Mechanism of Microorganism for Bioremediation 4 Different Types of Pollutants 5 Group of Microorganisms Employed in Bioremediation 5.1 Bioremediation by Bacteria 5.2 Bioremediation by Fungi 5.3 Bioremediation by Algae 6 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMS) in Bioremediation 7 Conclusion References Aerobic Processes: Best Approach for the Treatment of Wheat Starch Effluents 1 Introduction 2 Industrial Production of Starch 3 Treatment Processes 3.1 Martin Process 3.2 Biodegradation of Starch Stillage 3.3 Methods of Stillage Utilization 4 Biodegradation of Starch Stillage 5 Conclusion References Banned Pesticides with High Persistence: The Impact of Their Use in Agriculture and Their Removal by Microbial Biodegradation 1 Introduction 2 Pesticide Production and Use in Agriculture 3 Spreading of Banned Pesticides with High Persistence in Soil, Water, Air, and Food 4 Banned Pesticides with High Persistence Impacts on the Environment and Living Organisms 5 Microbial Biodegradation of Banned Pesticides with High Persistence 6 Conclusions References Bioremediations for Oil Spills by Utilizing Microbes 1 Introduction 2 Petroleum 3 Components That Influence Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation 4 Mode of Action of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation 5 Bioremediation 6 Types of Bioremediation 7 Different Bioremediation Methods to Cure Oil Spills 8 Bacterial Bioremediation 9 Mycoremediation 10 Phytoremediation 11 Use of Genetically Modified Bacteria for Bioremediation 12 Conclusion References Genetically Engineered Microorganisms for Bioremediation Processes 1 Introduction 2 Advancement and Implication of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms in Bioremediation 2.1 Gene Transfer Strategies 2.2 Variations of Genes That Encode Biodegradative Enzymes 3 Stability and Survivability of Genetically Engineered Microorganism and Genetic Transmission to Bacteria 4 Survivability of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms 4.1 Acquisition and Structural Fragility of Recombinant DNA 4.2 Effect of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms on Microbiota 4.3 Horizontal Transfer of DNA in Bacteria 4.4 Effects of Horizontal Recombinant DNA Transfer as Well as Other Heterologous Species on Native Flora 5 Suicidal Genetically Engineered Microorganisms 6 Bacterial Plasmid Addiction System 7 Techniques for Tracking GEMs 7.1 PCR-Based Techniques 7.2 Fluorescent-Based DNA Hybridization Technique 7.3 Bioluminescence-Mediated Technique 7.4 DNA Microarray Technique 8 Molecular Techniques for Generating Genetically Modified Microorganisms for Bioremediation 8.1 Molecular Cloning 8.2 Electroporation 8.3 Protoplast Transfusion 8.4 Biolistic Transformation 9 Obstacles Associated with Use of GEMs in Bioremediation 10 Advantages and Disadvantages of GEMs 10.1 Advantages 10.2 Disadvantages 11 Conclusion and Future Aspects References Microbial Modifications and Biochemical Pathway: Mechanism for Ecosystem Decontamination 1 Introduction 2 Basic Principle of Bioremediation 3 Types of Bioremediations 4 The Potential of a Genetically Engineered Microbe for Bioremediation 5 Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation 6 GEM: A Tool to Sense Ion Explosive Residues 6.1 Bioreporters for the Detection of Explosives 6.1.1 Bacteria 6.2 Yeast 6.3 Microalgae 7 Disadvantages Accrued by GEMs in the Bioremediation Process 8 Bioprocess Monitoring and Control 9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Innovative Biofilms Mediated as Empiricist of Bioremediation for Sustainable Development 1 Introduction 2 Microbial Biofilms and Bioremediation 2.1 Biofilms 2.2 Biofilm Development 2.3 Components of Biofilms 2.4 Biofilm’s Physiological State 2.5 Quorum Sensing 3 Biofilm Mechanisms Involved in Bioremediation 4 Miscellaneous Pollutants Remediated by Biofilms 5 Environmental Pollutants and Bioremediation 6 Application of Biofilm in Bioremediation 6.1 Chemotaxis Significance in Biofilm Formation and Biodegradation 6.2 Potential of Biofilms in Remediation of Hydrocarbons 7 Current Status of Use of Biofilm in Bioremediation 8 Conclusion and Future Perspective References Major Groups of Microorganisms Employed in Bioremediation 1 Introduction 2 Bioremediation Management Technique and Bioremediation Agents 2.1 Bioremediation Management Technique 2.2 Bioremediation Agents 2.2.1 Fungi Used in Bioremediation 2.2.2 Mycoremediation 2.2.3 Fungus (Mycoremediation) 2.2.4 Biodegradability of White Rot Fungi 3 Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation 3.1 Biological Factors 3.2 Environmental Factors 3.2.1 Temperature 3.2.2 Oxygen Concentration 3.2.3 pH 3.2.4 Moisture Content 3.2.5 Metal Ion 3.2.6 Nutrient Availability 3.2.7 Toxic Compound 4 Environmental Applications 4.1 Bacteria 4.1.1 Pseudomonas putida 4.1.2 Dechlormonas 4.1.3 Dechloromonas aromatica 4.1.4 Deinococcus radiodurans 4.2 Fungi 4.2.1 Methylibium petroleiphilum 4.2.2 Alcanivorax borkumensis 4.2.3 Phanerochaete chrysosporium 4.3 Archaea 5 Advantage and Disadvantage of Current Bioremediation 5.1 Advantage of Current Bioremediation 5.2 Disadvantage of Current Bioremediation 6 Conclusion and Remarks References Microbial Exploration and Their Metabolic Capacity for Detoxification and Restoration of Natural Ecosystems 1 Introduction 2 Biostimulation 3 Bioattenuation 4 Bioaugmentation 5 Bioslurping 6 Genetically Engineered Microorganisms (GEMS) 7 Bioventing 8 Biopiles References Microbes in Restoration of Polluted Ecosystems 1 Introduction 1.1 Why Polluted Ecosystems Are Considered a Threat? 1.2 Living Beings Performing Remediation: Bioremediation 2 Microbes Restoring Polluted Ecosystems 3 Microbes Assisting Bioremediation Promoted by Plants 4 Engineered Microbes Restoring Polluted Ecosystems 5 Recovering Soil Microbial Community to Promote Ecosystems Restoration 6 Conclusions 7 Future Perspectives References Microbial Biotechnology: Energy Generation Approach from the Environmental Waste 1 Introduction 2 Landfill Gas: Production, Properties, and Sustainability 2.1 Microbial Production of Biogas 2.2 Biogas and Landfill Gas Energy Properties 2.3 The Sustainability Aspects of Recovering Landfill Gas for Energy Use 3 Landfill Gas Capturing and Usage: General Process Description 4 Landfill Gas Quantification Models 5 Landfill Gas Extraction and Collection 6 Landfill Gas Purification Technologies 6.1 Moisture and Particulates Removal 6.2 Hydrogen Sulfide Removal 6.3 Siloxanes Removal 6.4 Carbon Dioxide Removal 7 Potential Landfill Gas Utilization 8 Costing and Financing of Landfill Gas Recovery Projects 8.1 Capital and Operating Costs 8.2 Revenue Calculations 8.3 Economic Feasibility Study 8.4 Selecting the Best Design 8.5 Choosing the Financing Option 9 Decisions on Decommissioning 10 Concluding Remarks and Future Considerations References Microbial Degradation of Industrial Pollutants from Different Environments 1 Introduction 2 Application of Microbes in Treating Wastewater from Various Industries 2.1 Bacteria 2.1.1 Types of Bacteria 2.2 Filamentous Bacteria 2.3 Metazoa 2.4 Protozoa 3 Wastewater Treatment Techniques 3.1 Factors That Affect Bioremediation 3.2 The Treatment Methodology 4 Role of Microbes to Degrade Petroleum Hydrocarbons Contaminant 4.1 Degradation of Petroleum Pollutants by Microbial Mechanisms 4.2 Main Principles of Microbial Degression of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in the Atmosphere 4.2.1 pH 4.2.2 Temperature 4.2.3 Oxygen 4.2.4 Nutrients 4.2.5 Salinity 4.2.6 Activity of Water 4.2.7 Microbial Community 4.2.8 Bioavailability 4.2.9 Toxicity 5 Influence of Enzymes in Petroleum Hydrocarbon Degradation 6 Role of Microbial Degradation for Chemical Release 7 Role of DDT Microbial Degradation and Their Residues 8 Role of Microbial Degradation of Pesticide Residues 8.1 Types of Pesticides 8.2 Mechanism of Microbial Degradation of Pesticide Residues 8.3 Factors Affecting the Microbial Degradation of Pesticide Residues 8.4 Microbial Species, Metabolic Activity, and Adaptability Directly Influence Pesticide Degradation and Transformation 8.5 Pesticide Structure 8.6 Environmental Factors 9 Conclusion References Microbial Enzymes and Their Importance in the Environmental Decontamination 1 Introduction 2 Enzymes 2.1 Enzyme Nomenclature 2.2 Enzyme Classification 3 Microbial Enzymes in Environmental Decontamination 3.1 Microbial Oxidoreductases 3.1.1 Microbial Oxygenase 3.1.2 Monooxygenases 3.1.3 Microbial Dioxygenases 3.2 Microbial Laccases 3.3 Microbial Peroxidases 4 Classification of Peroxidase Enzymes 4.1 Microbial Lignin Peroxidases 4.2 Microbial Manganese Peroxidases 4.3 Microbial Versatile Peroxidases 4.4 Microbial Hydrolytic Enzymes 4.5 Microbial Lipases 4.6 Microbial Cellulases 4.7 Microbial Proteases 5 Conclusions References Structural and Functional Dynamics of Bacterial World for Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 Diversity and Composition of Plant-Associated Bacteria 2.1 Plant-Associated Rhizobacteria 2.2 Plant-Associated Actinobacteria 3 Plant-Bacteria Association: A Boon to Plant Growth 4 Conclusion References Plant-Associated Bacteria in Ecosystems Functioning and Sustainability 1 Introduction 2 The Phyllosphere 3 The Spermosphere 4 The Rhizosphere References The Science of Microbial Enzymes as Detoxification Tool for Inorganic and Organic Pollutants 1 Introduction 2 Bioremediation 3 Microbial Enzymes That Are Used in Bioremediation Process 4 Types of Bioremediation 4.1 Advantages of Bioremediation 4.2 Drawbacks of Bioremediation 5 Conclusions References