Protein-Based Biopolymers: From Source to Biomedical Applications

Description

Protein-Based Biopolymers: From Source to Biomedical Applications provides an overview on the development and application of protein biopolymers in biomedicine. Protein polymers have garnered increasing focus in the development of biomedical materials, devices and therapeutics due to their intrinsic bioactivity, biocompatibility and biodegradability. This book comprehensively reviews the latest advances on the synthesis, characterization, properties and applications of protein-based biopolymers. Each chapter is dedicated to a single protein class, covering a broad range of proteins including silk, collagen, keratin, fibrin, and more. In addition, the book explores the biomedical potential of these polymers, from tissue engineering, to drug delivery and wound healing. This book offers a valuable resource for academics and researchers in the fields of materials science, biomedical engineering and R&D groups working in pharmaceutical and biomedical industries. Front Cover Protein-Based Biopolymers Copyright Page Contents List of contributors Preface 1 An introduction to protein-based biopolymers 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Protein and its biopolymers 1.2.1 Structure and properties of proteins 1.2.2 Origin and types 1.2.2.1 Collagen 1.2.2.2 Gelatin 1.2.2.3 Keratin 1.2.2.4 Fibrin 1.2.2.5 Silk fibroin 1.2.2.6 Elastin 1.2.2.7 Resilin 1.2.2.8 Reflectin 1.2.2.9 Casein 1.2.2.10 Whey 1.2.2.11 Albumin 1.2.2.12 Zein 1.2.2.13 Gluten 1.2.3 Synthetic protein material products in the industry 1.2.4 Reinforcement and modification techniques 1.3 Applications 1.3.1 Soil Strengthening 1.3.2 Food packaging: films and coatings 1.3.3 Protein purification 1.3.4 PBBM in healthcare: tissue engineering, drug delivery, surface engineering 1.3.5 Recombinant protein polymers 1.4 Protein-based biopolymers nanoparticles 1.5 Challenges and future prospects Acknowledgments References 2 Fabrication, properties and applications of gluten protein 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methods of protein fabrication 2.2.1 pH variation 2.2.2 Phase separation 2.2.3 Polymer chain collapse 2.2.4 Electron-beam lithography 2.2.5 Photolithography 2.2.6 Micro-contact printing 2.2.7 Colloidal lithography 2.2.8 Nanoimprinting lithography 2.3 Properties of wheat gluten 2.3.1 Gluten hydration or water retention property 2.3.2 Viscoelastic properties 2.3.3 Extensibility 2.3.4 Viscosity 2.4 Applications of gluten protein 2.4.1 Use of wheat protein isolate 2.4.2 Texturized protein 2.4.3 Use in meat industry 2.4.4 Use in vegetarian food substitutes 2.4.5 Hydrolyzed wheat protein 2.4.6 Uses in bakery 2.4.7 Uses in non-food products 2.4.8 Wheat gluten-based bioplastics 2.5 Conclusion References 3 Keratin for potential biomedical applications 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Keratin in the history 3.3 Structure and the characteristic features of keratin 3.3.1 Classification of keratins 3.3.2 Distribution of keratins 3.3.3 Chemical composition, physicochemical and biological properties of keratin 3.3.3.1 Biocompatibility 3.3.3.2 Biodegradability 3.3.3.3 Biological characteristics of keratins 3.4 Keratin-based biomaterials and their biomedical applications 3.4.1 Keratin films 3.4.2 Biomedical applications of keratin films 3.4.3 Keratin hydrogels 3.4.4 Biomedical applications of keratin hydrogels 3.4.5 Keratin biofibers for biomedical applications 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Fabrication, properties, and biomedical applications of soy protein-based materials 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Soy protein properties 4.2.1 Surface properties 4.2.2 Mechanical properties 4.2.3 Biodegradability 4.3 Fabrication of soy protein-based biomaterials 4.3.1 Soy protein films 4.3.1.1 Solution casting 4.3.1.2 Film extrusion 4.3.2 Soy protein hydrogels 4.3.3 Soy protein microparticles 4.3.4 Advent of nanoscience 4.3.4.1 Soy protein nanoparticles Ionic gelation method Desolvation Microfluidics Ultrasonication Electrospraying Self-assembly 4.3.4.2 Soy protein nanoemulsions Microfluidics Ultrahigh pressure homogenization Ultrasonic homogenization 4.3.4.3 Soy protein nanofibers 4.3.4.4 Soy protein nanocomposites Soy protein-organic nanocomposites Soy protein-inorganic nanocomposites 4.4 Biomedical applications 4.4.1 Drug delivery 4.4.2 Wound dressing 4.4.3 Tissue engineering 4.5 Challenges and future prospects References 5 Sodium caseinate versus sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as novel drug delivery carriers 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Synthesis and characterization of biopolymer composites as hydrogels for controlling the release of drug 5.2.1 Synthesis and characterization of protein- and cellulose-based hydrogels 5.2.2 Evaluating composite hydrogels as drug delivery systems 5.2.3 Cytotoxicity assay of composite hydrogels 5.3 Effective role of protein-based composite hydrogel versus cellulose-based composite hydrogel 5.3.1 SC/Ch composite hydrogel characteristics versus CMC/Ch composite 5.3.1.1 FTIR analysis 5.3.1.2 Differential scanning calorimetry 5.3.1.3 Scanning electron microscopy 5.3.2 Characteristics of SC/Ch and CMC/Ch composite hydrogels as drug delivery system 5.3.2.1 Swelling test 5.3.2.2 Encapsulation efficiency and loading 5.3.2.3 In vitro release study 5.3.2.4 Kinetics and mechanism of drug release 5.3.3 Cytotoxicity assay of the prepared composite hydrogels 5.3.3.1 Neutral red uptake assay 5.3.3.2 Effect of composite gels on cell membrane integrity (LDH assay) 5.4 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 6 Silk-based biomaterials for biomedical applications 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Components of silk 6.2.1 Properties of silk fibroin 6.3 Development of silk-based biomaterials 6.4 Biomedical applications 6.4.1 Disease model 6.4.2 Tissue engineering 6.4.3 Gene therapy 6.4.4 Implantable devices 6.4.5 Drug delivery 6.5 Future prospective 6.6 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 7 Protein-based nanoparticles as drug delivery nanocarriers 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Nanotechnology, nanomaterials and medicinal aspects 7.1.2 Protein nanoparticles 7.1.3 Designing of nanoparticles 7.1.4 Preparation of Pr-NPs 7.2 Pr-NPs and drug delivery 7.2.1 Pr-NPs assisted drug delivery 7.2.2 Pr-NPs and drug 7.2.2.1 Drug encapsulation or drug loading 7.2.2.2 Drug release 7.2.2.2.1 In vitro drug release methods 7.2.2.2.2 Sample and separate 7.2.2.2.3 Continuous flow method 7.2.2.2.4 Dialysis method for drug release 7.2.2.2.5 Modified methods 7.3 Emerging research on Pr-NPs assisted drug delivery 7.3.1 Bioadhesive food Pr-NPs for pediatric oral drug delivery 7.3.2 Coiled-coil formation for targeted drug delivery (TDD) using Pr-NPs 7.3.3 Self-assembled protein shell lipophilic core nanoparticles for drug delivery 7.3.4 Drug delivery from nanoparticles derived from silk-elastin-like protein polymers 7.3.5 Dual-sensitive hydrogel nanoparticles with protein filaments for triggerable drug delivery 7.3.6 Blood−brain-barrier-penetrating albumin nanoparticles for biomimetic drug delivery 7.4 Future approach for Pr-NPs assisted drug delivery 7.4.1 Metal organic ionic framework assisted drug delivery 7.4.2 Protein nanoparticles conjugated metal organic ionic framework for drug delivery 7.5 Conclusions Acknowledgments References 8 Peptide and protein-based hydrogels for the encapsulation of bioactive compounds and tissue engineering applications 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Characteristics of gels 8.3 Gel formulation methods 8.4 Classification and types of gels 8.5 Hydrogels 8.5.1 Introduction to hydrogels 8.5.2 Classification of hydrogels 8.5.3 Biodegradability 8.5.4 Biomolecules 8.5.5 Proteins 8.6 Protein-based hydrogels 8.7 Peptide-based hydrogels 8.8 Synthesis of peptide-based hydrogels 8.9 Bioactive compounds 8.10 Encapsulation 8.11 Peptide hydrogels for encapsulating bioactive compounds 8.12 Tissue engineering 8.13 Keratin 8.14 Keratin-based hydrogel for wound healing 8.15 Regeneration of bone tissue engineering using Nap-FFY based hydrogels 8.16 Formation of a desired organ/tissue 8.17 Albumin based hydrogels for skin regeneration and wound healing 8.18 Blood vessels formation in damaged tissues with mussel adhesive protein 8.19 Heparin-mediated delivery of bone morphogenetic protein-2 improves spatial localization of bone regeneration 8.20 Cartilage tissue engineering using silk-based hydrogels 8.21 Conclusion Acknowledgments References 9 Silver nanoparticles and protein polymer-based nanomedicines 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Protein-based Ag nanoparticles 9.2.1 Study on the interaction of protein and Ag nanoparticles 9.2.2 Impact of surface coating/food-mimicking media on silver nanoparticle-protein interaction 9.2.3 Protein concentration effects on the silver nanoparticles surface 9.2.4 Impact of proteins on the aggregation of silver nanoparticles 9.2.5 Effects of surface modification on protein conformation 9.3 Collagen-based silver nanoparticles 9.3.1 Synthesis and characterization 9.3.2 Stability of collagen-silver nanoparticles-based materials 9.3.3 Biological applications of collagen-based silver nanoparticles 9.3.3.1 Antimicrobial activity 9.3.3.2 Wound healing 9.3.3.3 Bone healing 9.3.3.4 Other medical applications 9.4 Keratin-silver nanoparticles 9.4.1 Synthesis and characterization of keratin-silver nanoparticle-based materials 9.4.2 Stability of keratin protein-stabilized silver nanoparticles 9.4.3 Biomedical applications of keratin-silver nanoparticles-based materials 9.4.3.1 Antibacterial activity 9.4.3.2 Wound healing 9.5 Soy protein-silver nanoparticles-based materials 9.5.1 Synthesis and characterization of soy protein-silver nanoparticles-based materials 9.5.2 Stability of silver nanoparticles stabilized by soy protein 9.5.3 Biological applications of soy protein-silver nanoparticles-based materials 9.5.3.1 Antimicrobial activity 9.5.3.2 Drug delivery 9.6 Controlling agents for particle formation 9.6.1 Size of protein-Ag nanoparticles 9.6.2 Shape of Ag nanoparticles functionalized by protein 9.7 Toxicity of protein-stabilized Ag nanoparticles 9.8 Protein polymer-based nanomedicines 9.9 Conclusions Authors’ contributions Conflicts of interest References 10 Antimicrobial potential of protein-based bioplastics 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Bioplastics production 10.2.1 Raw materials 10.2.1.1 Proteins 10.2.1.2 Plasticizers 10.2.2 Processing techniques 10.2.2.1 Casting 10.2.2.2 Compression molding 10.2.2.3 Extrusion 10.2.2.4 Injection molding 10.3 Methods to enhance bioplastic functions 10.3.1 Addition of antimicrobial agents 10.3.2 Addition of a crosslinking stage 10.3.3 Use of coatings 10.4 Evaluation of the properties of antimicrobial protein-based bioplastics 10.4.1 Antimicrobial properties 10.4.1.1 Bactericidal assay 10.4.1.2 Cytotoxicity assay 10.4.1.3 Turbidity method 10.4.2 Mechanical properties 10.4.2.1 Dynamic mechanical tests Time, strain and frequency sweep tests Temperature ramps 10.4.2.2 Static mechanical tests 10.4.3 Morphological properties 10.4.3.1 Scanning electron microscopy 10.4.4 Other functional properties 10.4.4.1 Evaluation of the hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity Water contact angle Water uptake capacity 10.5 Current status and future perspectives Acknowledgments References 11 Reinforced protein polymers in biomedical engineering 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Polymerization 11.3 Polymers and biopolymers 11.3.1 Synthetic polymers 11.3.2 Natural polymers 11.3.2.1 Amino acids 11.3.2.2 Peptides Polypeptides 11.4 Physiochemical properties of proteins 11.4.1 Dissociation 11.4.2 Optical activity 11.4.3 Solubility or swelling power 11.4.4 Formation or stabilization of foams 11.4.5 Emulsifying effect 11.4.6 Denaturation 11.4.6.1 Hydrolysis 11.4.6.2 Alkaline reactions 11.4.6.3 Oxidation 11.4.6.4 Biomolecules 11.4.6.5 Carbohydrates 11.4.6.6 Lipids 11.4.6.7 Proteins 11.4.6.8 Nucleic acids 11.5 Biopolymers 11.5.1 The use of biopolymers 11.5.2 When designing a biopolymer certain things must be considered 11.5.3 Advantages of biopolymers 11.5.4 Disadvantages of biopolymers 11.6 Reinforcement of a protein 11.6.1 Reinforced protein 11.7 Chemical and physical treatment 11.7.1 Chemical block copolymerization 11.7.2 Preparation of blends 11.8 Applications of reinforced protein in tissue engineering 11.8.1 Naturally occurring fiber protein 11.8.2 Banana fibers reinforced with soy protein 11.8.3 Polylactic acid 11.8.4 Silk protein fiber-reinforced with polylactic acid 11.8.5 Innovation in the field of polymer composites 11.8.5.1 Nonmulberry silk fibroin with carbon nano fiber 11.8.6 Collagen 11.8.7 Silk 11.8.8 Silk matrix 11.8.9 Bombyx mori silk-based composite 11.8.10 Accelerated skin wound healing using electrospun nanofibers reinforced with mussel adhesive proteins (mussel adhesi... Acknowledgments References 12 Enzymes: classification and biomedical applications 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Classification of enzymes 12.3 Role of enzymes in biosensors 12.3.1 Applications of glucose oxidase, an oxidoreductase, in biosensors 12.3.2 Applications of glutathione S-transferases in biosensors 12.3.3 Biomedical applications of urease, a hydrolase 12.3.4 Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase as therapeutic agent 12.3.5 Applications of protein disulfide isomerase 12.3.6 Application of ligase in biosensors 12.4 Isolation and modification of enzymes 12.5 Conclusions References Index Back Cover