Geometrical and Visual Optics

Description

The acclaimed introductory text to geometrical and visual optics --- now in full color Geometrical and Visual Optics, Third Edition is a rigorous, yet approachable text that expertly combines basic optics with clinical application in a way that brings key optometry topics to life. It is meant to be a concise and user-friendly resource for clinicians as they begin their study of optics, and as they eventually prepare for licensing examinations. The book emphasizes optical concepts and problem-solving skills that underlie contemporary clinical eye care, and because of its clinical utility, a vergence approach is stressed. FEATURES: • 3 complete practice exams, totaling 122 questions • 200+ end-of-chapter self-assessment problems with detailed worked-out solutions • Full-color figures and clinical highlights • Learning Objectives appear at the beginning of each chapter • Color highlighted summaries, sample problems, and tables • Summary and list of formulas appear at the end of each chapter • NEW CHAPTER on lens thickness; and prism coverage has been expanded to include vertical imbalance • In-depth coverage of geometrical and visual optics spans the full spectrum of topics, from refraction at spherical surfaces, to thin and thick lenses, to depth of field, ametropia, magnification, retinal image size, and reflection • Primary emphasis is on core concepts, with a minimum of formulas and superfluous mathematics Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 12 1. Basic Terms and Concepts......Page 14 Sources, Light Rays, and Pencils......Page 17 Vergence......Page 19 Refraction and Snell’s Law......Page 21 Summary......Page 26 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 27 Converging and Diverging Spherical Surfaces......Page 28 A Word on Sign Conventions......Page 32 Primary and Secondary Focal Points......Page 33 A Very Handy Formula......Page 35 Real Images......Page 38 Virtual Images......Page 40 Summary......Page 41 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 42 More on Vergence......Page 44 Linear Sign Convention......Page 48 Vergence Relationship......Page 50 Sample Problem 1: Converging Surface......Page 51 Sample Problem 2: Diverging Surface......Page 54 Sample Problem 3: Locating the Object......Page 55 Sample Problem 4: A Flat (Plane) Refracting Surface......Page 57 Summary......Page 60 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 62 4. Thin Lenses......Page 64 Ray Tracing......Page 68 Vergence Relationship......Page 71 Newton’s Relation......Page 76 Summary......Page 77 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 78 5. Optical Systems with Multiple Surfaces......Page 80 Multiple Thin Lens Systems......Page 81 Virtual Objects......Page 85 Thick Lenses......Page 88 Summary......Page 93 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 94 6. Optical Properties of Thick Lenses......Page 96 Definitions......Page 97 Back and Front Vertex Power......Page 99 Locating the Principal Planes......Page 101 Sample Problem......Page 102 Cardinal Points......Page 105 Summary......Page 106 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 107 7. Spherical Ametropia......Page 108 Myopia......Page 110 Hyperopia......Page 115 Lens Effectivity......Page 118 Correction of Ametropia with Laser and Surgical Procedures......Page 123 Summary......Page 125 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 126 8. Accommodation......Page 128 Vergence Relationship for Accommodation......Page 130 Accommodation in Ametropia......Page 132 Near Point of Accommodation......Page 136 Accommodation when Ametropia is Corrected with Spectacles......Page 138 Correction of Presbyopia......Page 143 Summary......Page 145 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 146 9. Cylindrical Lenses and the Correction of Astigmatism......Page 148 Lens Crosses......Page 149 Lens Formulas/Prescriptions......Page 151 Image Formation: Point Sources......Page 154 Image Formation: Extended Sources......Page 156 Power in an Oblique Meridian of a Cylindrical Lens......Page 158 Astigmatism: Definitions and Classifications......Page 160 Jackson Crossed-Cylinder Test......Page 163 Spherical Equivalency......Page 166 What Does a Person with Astigmatism See?......Page 167 Summary......Page 168 References......Page 169 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 170 10. Prisms......Page 172 Thick and Thin Prisms......Page 173 Prism Diopters......Page 174 Prismatic Effects of Lenses......Page 176 Vertical Imbalance......Page 181 Bifocal Jump......Page 183 Hand Neutralization of Lenses......Page 185 Additional Clinical Applications......Page 189 Reference......Page 193 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 194 Lens Sag......Page 196 Plus Lenses......Page 197 Minus Lenses......Page 199 Spherocylindrical Lenses......Page 202 Effect of Lens Size, Shape, and Decentration......Page 203 The Lens Clock......Page 205 Summary......Page 209 Reference......Page 210 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 211 12. Depth of Field......Page 212 Blur Circles, Visual Acuity, and Pinholes......Page 214 Depth of Field and Depth of Focus......Page 216 Hyperfocal Distance......Page 221 Diffraction Caused by Apertures......Page 223 Summary......Page 226 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 227 13. Magnifying Lenses and Electronic Magnification......Page 228 Angular Magnification Produced by Plus Lenses......Page 229 Use of Plus Lenses for Low Vision......Page 233 Magnifying Lens and Bifocal Add in Combination......Page 235 Fixed-Focus Stand Magnifiers......Page 238 Effective Magnification......Page 242 Summary......Page 244 Further Reading......Page 245 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 246 14. Telescopes......Page 248 Galilean Telescopes......Page 249 Keplerian Telescopes......Page 250 How to Use Tube Length to Determine Angular Magnification......Page 251 Telescope Apertures, Stops, Pupils, and Ports......Page 252 Telescope Use in Ametropia......Page 256 Telemicroscopes......Page 258 Lens Caps......Page 259 Adjusting Tube Length......Page 260 Summary......Page 261 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 262 Spectacle Magnification......Page 264 Retinal Image Size in Uncorrected Ametropia......Page 267 Retinal Image Size in Corrected Ametropia......Page 269 Summary......Page 272 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 274 16. Reflection......Page 276 Concave Mirrors......Page 277 Convex Mirrors......Page 278 Plane Mirrors......Page 280 Power of Mirrors......Page 281 The Vergence Relationship......Page 284 Reflections and Antireflection Coatings......Page 291 Purkinje Images......Page 293 Corneal Topography......Page 296 Summary......Page 298 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 300 17. Aberrations......Page 302 Longitudinal Spherical Aberration......Page 303 Oblique Astigmatism......Page 307 Distortion......Page 311 Wavefront Sensing and Adaptive Optics......Page 312 Measurement of the Eye’s Monochromatic Aberrations......Page 313 Supernormal Vision......Page 315 Chromatic Aberration......Page 317 Dispersive Power and Constringence......Page 319 Lateral (Transverse) Chromatic Aberration......Page 320 Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration......Page 321 Chromatic Aberration in the Human Eye......Page 323 The Red-Green Refraction Technique......Page 324 Summary......Page 325 References......Page 327 Self-Assessment Problems......Page 328 Chapter 1: Basic Terms and Concepts......Page 330 Chapter 2: Refraction at Spherical Surfaces......Page 331 Chapter 3: The Vergence Relationship......Page 333 Chapter 4: Thin Lenses......Page 338 Chapter 5: Optical Systems with Multiple Surfaces......Page 342 Chapter 6: Optical Properties of Thick Lenses......Page 347 Chapter 7: Spherical Ametropia......Page 353 Chapter 8: Accommodation......Page 355 Chapter 9: Cylindrical Lenses and the Correction of Astigmatism......Page 361 Chapter 10: Prisms......Page 365 Chapter 11: Lens Thickness......Page 368 Chapter 12: Depth of Field......Page 371 Chapter 13: Magnifying Lenses and Electronic Magnification......Page 372 Chapter 14: Telescopes......Page 374 Chapter 15: Retinal Image Size......Page 375 Chapter 16: Reflection......Page 377 Chapter 17: Aberrations......Page 382 Appendix A: Location of Purkinje Image III......Page 384 Appendix B: Fluid Lenses......Page 388 Appendix C: Javal’s Rule......Page 394 Appendix D: Derivation of the Paraxial (Vergence) Relationship......Page 396 Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration......Page 398 Lateral (Transverse) Chromatic Aberration......Page 401 Practice Examination 1......Page 402 Practice Examination 2......Page 406 Practice Examination 3......Page 411 Practice Examination 1......Page 418 Practice Examination 2......Page 419 Practice Examination 3......Page 421 A......Page 424 C......Page 425 E......Page 426 J......Page 427 M......Page 428 P......Page 429 R......Page 430 S......Page 431 V......Page 432 Z......Page 433