Criminalistics: Introduction to Forensic Science

Description

Front Cover Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Brief Contents Contents Chapter 1 Introduction Definition and Scope of Forensic Science History and Development of Forensic Science Crime Laboratories Organization of a Crime Laboratory Case Files: Forensic Science Helps Unravel the Mystery of the Anthrax Letters Functions of the Forensic Scientist Case Files: Dr. Coppolino’s Deadly House Calls Other Forensic Science Services Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 2 The Crime Scene Processing the Crime Scene Collecting and Packaging Physical Evidence Maintaining the Chain of Custody Ensuring Crime-Scene Safety Legal Considerations at the Crime Scene Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Case Analysis Case Study: The Enrique Camarena Case: A Forensic Nightmare Chapter 3 Physical Evidence Common Types of Physical Evidence The Significance of Physical Evidence Forensic Databases Case Files: Gerald Wallace Case Files: The Center City Rapist Case Files: NIBIN Links Handgun to Suspects Case Files: Aztec Gold Metallic Hit and Run Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 4 Crime-Scene Reconstruction: Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Crime-Scene Reconstruction General Features of Bloodstain Formation Case File: Pistorius: A Valentine’s Day Murder Bloodstain Spatter Patterns Classifying Impact Pattern Origin of Impact Patterns More Bloodstain Spatter Patterns Case Files: Blood-Spatter Evidence Documenting Bloodstain Pattern Evidence Case Files: Bloodstain Reconstruction Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 5 Death Investigation Role of the Forensic Pathologist The Autopsy Cause of Death Case Files: Harold Shipman, Dr. Death Manner of Death Case Files: The Sheridans: Murder or Suicide Estimating Time of Death Role of the Forensic Anthropologist Case Files: Identifying a Serial Killer’s Victims Role of the Forensic Entomologist Case Files: The Danielle Van Dam Murder Case Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 6 Fingerprints History of Fingerprinting Fundamental Principles of Fingerprints Classification of Fingerprints Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems Methods of Detecting Fingerprints Case Files: The Night Stalker Case Files: The Mayfield Affair Preservation of Developed Prints Digital Imaging for Fingerprint Enhancement Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 7 Forensic Biometrics Introduction to Biometrics Enrolling and Extracting Biometric Data The Iris Facial Recognition Case Files: Living a Double Life The Next-Generation Identification System Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 8 The Microscope Basics of the Microscope The Compound Microscope The Comparison Microscope The Stereoscopic Microscope The Polarizing Microscope The Microspectrophotometer The Scanning Electron Microscope Forensic Palynology: Pollen and Spores as Evidence Case Files: Identifying Baby Doe Case Files: Clues from the Cornfield Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 9 Firearms, Tool Marks, and Other Impressions Types of Firearms Bullet and Cartridge Comparisons Automated Firearms Search Systems Case Files: Sacco and Vanzetti Gunpowder Residues Primer Residues on the Hands Serial Number Restoration Collection and Preservation of Firearms Evidence Tool Marks Other Impressions Case Files: The O. J. Simpson Trial—Who Left the Impressions at the Crime Scene? Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 10 Matter, Light, and Glass Examination The Nature of Matter Physical Properties of Matter Theory of Light Forensic Analysis of Glass Glass Fractures Collection and Preservation of Glass Evidence Chapter Summary Review Questions Review Questions for Inside the Science Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 11 Hairs and Fibers Morphology of Hair Identification and Comparison of Hair Case Files: The Central Park Jogger Case Revisited Collection and Preservation of Hair Evidence Forensic Examination of Fibers Case Files: The Ennis Cosby Homicide Identification and Comparison of Manufactured Fibers Case Files: Jeffrey MacDonald: Fatal Vision Collection and Preservation of Fiber Evidence Case Files: Fiber Evidence and the Wayne Williams Trial Chapter Summary Review Questions Review Questions for Inside the Science Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 12 Drugs Drug Dependence Types of Drugs Drug-Control Laws Collection and Preservation of Drug Evidence Forensic Drug Analysis Chromatography Spectrophotometry Mass Spectrometry Chapter Summary Review Questions Review Questions for Inside the Science Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 13 Forensic Toxicology Toxicology of Alcohol Testing for Intoxication Field Sobriety Testing Analysis of Blood for Alcohol Alcohol and the Law The Role of the Toxicologist Case Files: Michael Jackson: The Demise of a Superstar Case Files: Accidental Overdose: The Tragedy of Anna Nicole Smith Case Files: Joann Curley: Caught by a Hair The Drug Recognition Expert Chapter Summary Review Questions Review Questions for Inside the Science Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 14 Metals, Paint, and Soil Forensic Analysis of Trace Elements Principles and Technology of Trace Analysis Case Files: Death by Radiation Poisoning Forensic Examination of Paint Case Files: The Predator Forensic Analysis of Soil Case Files: Soil: The Silent Witness Collection and Preservation of Soil Evidence Chapter Summary Review Questions Review Questions for Inside the Science Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 15 Forensic Serology The Nature of Blood Blood Typing Immunoassay Techniques Forensic Characterization of Bloodstains Principles of Heredity Forensic Characterization of Semen Collection and Preservation of Rape Evidence Case Files: A DNA Bonus Chapter Summary Review Questions Review Questions for Inside the Science Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 16 DNA: The Indispensable Forensic Science Tool What Is DNA? DNA at Work Replication of DNA DNA Typing with Short Tandem Repeats Case Files: Reopening the Boston Strangler Case Mitochondrial DNA Case Files: Cold Case Hit Collection and Preservation of Biological Evidence for DNA Analysis Case Files: Contact Lens Evidence Case Files: The JonBenét Ramsey Murder Case Chapter Summary Review Questions Review Questions for Inside the Science Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 17 Forensic Aspects of Fire and Explosion Investigation The Chemistry of Fire Heat Transfer Conduction Radiation Convection Searching the Fire Scene Case Files: The Sackett Street Fire Collection and Preservation of Arson Evidence Analysis of Flammable Residues Explosions and Explosives Types of Explosives Collection and Analysis of Evidence of Explosives Case Files: Liquid Explosives Chapter Summary Review Questions Review Questions for Inside the Science Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 18 Document Examination Document Examiner Handwriting Comparisons Collection of Handwriting Exemplars Typescript Comparisons Alterations, Erasures, and Obliterations Other Document Problems Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 19 Computer Forensics From Input to Output: How Does the Computer Work? Storing and Retrieving Data Processing the Electronic Crime Scene Analysis of Electronic Data Forensic Analysis of Internet Data Forensic Investigation of Internet Communications Hacking Mobile Forensics Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Chapter 20 Mobile Device Forensics The Mobile Device Neighborhood: What Makes a Mobile Device “Mobile”? Forensic Challenges: Mobile Devices as Small Computers—Sort Of Extracting Useful Data: The Differences in Various Types of Mobile Devices Mobile Device Architecture: What Is Inside the Device and What Is It Used For? Analyzing Mobile Devices: Finding Forensically Valuable Artifacts Case File: The FBI v. Apple: The Encryption Dispute Hybrid Crime Assessment: Fitting the Mobile Device into the Digital Forensic Investigation Case File: Carpenter v. United States Chapter Summary Review Questions Application and Critical Thinking Further References Appendixes I Code of Professional Responsibility for the Practice of Forensic Science II Handbook of Forensic Services—FBI III Instructions for Collecting Gunshot Residue (GSR) IV Chemical Formulas for Latent Fingerprint Development V Chemical Formulas for Development of Footwear Impressions in Blood Index