Grieve’s Modern Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy

Description

Since the third edition of Grieve’s Modern Manual Therapy was published in 2005 the original concepts of manipulative therapy have grown to embrace new research-generated knowledge. Expansions in practice have adopted new evidence which include consideration of psychological or social moderators. The original manual therapy or manipulative therapy approaches have transformed into musculoskeletal physiotherapy and this is recognized by the change in title for the new edition – Grieve’s Modern Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy. Grieve’s Modern Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy continues to bring together the latest state-of-the-art research from both clinical practice and the related basic sciences which is most relevant to practitioners. The topics addressed and the contributing authors reflect the best and most clinically relevant contemporary work within the field of musculoskeletal physiotherapy. With this as its foundation and a new six-strong editorial team at its helm the fourth edition now expands its focus from the vertebral column to the entire musculoskeletal system. For the first time both the spine and extremities are covered capturing the key advances in science and practices relevant to musculoskeletal physiotherapy. The book is divided into five parts containing multiple sections and chapters. The first part looks at advances in the sciences underpinning musculoskeletal physiotherapy practice. Here there is commentary on topics such as movement the interaction between pain and motor control as well as neuromuscular adaptations to exercise. Applied anatomical structure is covered in addition to the challenges of lifestyle and ageing. A new section highlights the important area of measurement and presents the scope of current and emerging measurements for investigating central and peripheral aspects relating to pain function and morphological change. Another section discusses some contemporary research approaches such as quantitative and qualitative methods as well as translational research. Part III contains sections on the principles of and broader aspects of management which are applicable to musculoskeletal disorders of both the spine and periphery. Topics include models for management prescription communication and pain management and contemporary principles of management for the articular nervous and sensorimotor systems. In recognition of the patient centred and inclusive nature of contemporary musculoskeletal practice there is also discussion about how physiotherapists may use cognitive behavioural therapies when treating people with chronic musculoskeletal disorders. The final part of the book focuses on selected contemporary issues in clinical practice for a particular region condition or the most topical approaches to the diagnosis and management of a region. A critical review of the evidence (or developing evidence) for approaches is given and areas for future work are highlighted. New to this edition Now covers the musculoskeletal systems of the upper and lower limbs as well as the spine Title, topics, prominent editors and authors – all reflect the evolution in knowledge, models of diagnosis and contemporary practice Overviews of the latest advances in: the basic sciences relevant to musculoskeletal physiotherapy clinical science and practice imaging and measurement techniques Over 300 illustrations Colour plate section Key Features The only textbook which covers the breadth of musculoskeletal physiotherapy practice, bringing together the work and opinions of leading international experts Presents the latest science, research evidence and clinical practices for assessment and management of spinal and extremity disorders Uses contemporary knowledge in diagnostics and future directions to demonstrate how to manage both acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain Considers important aspects underpinning clinical practice across the biopsychosocial domains Front Cover......Page 1 Grieve's Modern Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 5 Table Of Contents......Page 6 Preface to the Fourth Edition......Page 10 Acknowledgements......Page 11 Foreword......Page 12 Contributors......Page 13 Plate section......Page 20 I......Page 44 1 Introduction to the Text......Page 46 References......Page 47 II Advances in Theory and Practice......Page 48 Section_2.1 text......Page 50 The Neurophysiology of Musculoskeletal Pain: From Tissue Nociception to the Pain Neuromatrix......Page 51 Brain-Orchestrated Pain Modulation......Page 52 Descending Nociceptive Inhibition......Page 53 The Pain Neuromatrix......Page 54 Central Sensitization......Page 56 Does the Autonomic Nervous System Influence Pain?......Page 57 References......Page 59 Electrical Potential and Current......Page 62 Resting Membrane Potential......Page 63 Sodium–Potassium Pump......Page 64 Action Potential and Its Propagation......Page 65 Action Potential Propagation......Page 66 A Note on Synaptic Transmission......Page 67 Summary......Page 68 References......Page 69 Postural Control......Page 71 Selection......Page 72 Sensory Integration......Page 73 Perception......Page 75 Selection......Page 76 The Slow Loop......Page 79 References......Page 81 Theories of Motor Control......Page 85 Sensory Feedback as an Integral Part of Motor Control......Page 86 Sensory Feedback during Locomotion......Page 87 Sensory Feedback as Part of a Reflex Loop Is Not Stereotyped......Page 89 Central Nervous System Lesions......Page 92 References......Page 93 Sensorimotor Control......Page 96 Relationship Between Pain, Injury and Sensorimotor Dysfunction......Page 97 Pain and/or Injury: The Cause or Consequence of Sensorimotor Dysfunction......Page 98 Sensorimotor Dysfunction in Pain and/or Injury Across a Spectrum from ‘Subtle’ to ‘Major’ Adaptations......Page 99 Sensorimotor Adaptations Provide a Short-Term Solution, but have Potential Long-Term Consequences......Page 102 Motor System Mechanisms.......Page 105 Interaction with Psychosocial Factors.......Page 106 Conclusions......Page 107 References......Page 108 Muscle Function......Page 111 Adaptation to Exercise: The Overload Principle......Page 112 Muscular Adaptations......Page 113 Satellite Cells......Page 114 Myostatin......Page 116 Substrate Utilization......Page 117 Summary......Page 118 References......Page 119 Peripheral Neurons......Page 121 Schwann Cells and Myelin......Page 122 Neural Blood Circulation and Blood–Nerve Interface......Page 123 Entrapment Neuropathies and Ischaemia......Page 125 Entrapment Neuropathies Cause Demyelination......Page 126 The Role of the Immune System in Entrapment Neuropathies......Page 127 Neurogenic Inflammation......Page 128 Experimental Mild Nerve Compression Impairs Axonal Transport......Page 129 Central Nervous System Changes......Page 130 Acknowledgement......Page 131 References......Page 132 Craniocervical-Coupled Movements and Clinical Implications......Page 136 Craniocervical Muscles and Their Clinical Significance......Page 137 The Vertebral Body......Page 139 Ligaments......Page 140 The Intervertebral Disc......Page 141 References......Page 142 The Vertebral Column......Page 144 Annulus Fibrosus......Page 145 Blood and Nerve Supply......Page 146 References......Page 147 Composition and Structure......Page 149 Mechanical Behaviour......Page 151 Tendon Injuries and Repair......Page 153 References......Page 154 Tendon Pathology......Page 155 Source of Tendon Pain......Page 156 Assessment......Page 157 References......Page 158 Non-Communicable Diseases and Evidence-Informed Orthopaedic Physiotherapy......Page 160 Deleterious Effects of Smoking......Page 161 Nutrition and Musculoskeletal Health......Page 162 Obesity......Page 163 Deleterious Effects of Sleep Deprivation......Page 164 Conclusion......Page 165 References......Page 166 Ageing Muscles......Page 169 Ageing Nervous System......Page 170 The Ageing Spine......Page 171 Osteophytosis......Page 173 Zygapophysial and Costovertebral Joint Degeneration......Page 174 Osteoporosis and Osteoporotic Fracture......Page 175 References......Page 176 Section_2.2 text......Page 179 Motion Capture......Page 180 Stereophotogrammetry......Page 181 Magnetic and Inertial Measurement Units......Page 183 Joint Kinematics......Page 184 Future Developments......Page 185 References......Page 186 Assessment of Muscle Morphometry and Morphology (Architecture)......Page 187 Measuring Tissue Motion and Mechanical Properties of Muscle–Tendon Unit......Page 189 B-Mode Speckle Tracking......Page 191 Elastography......Page 192 References......Page 193 MRI Contrasts......Page 196 Fat/ Water Separation: Macroscopic Structure of Muscle......Page 197 Muscle Functional MRI: Microscopic Activation and Function of Muscle......Page 198 Diffusion Weighted Imaging......Page 199 Caution......Page 200 References......Page 201 Spinobulbar Pathways......Page 204 Spinothalamic Pathways and Other Hemispheric Regions......Page 205 Evoked Pain in Musculoskeletal Disease......Page 207 Musculoskeletal Physiotherapy and Pain Processing......Page 208 References......Page 209 Electrode Systems......Page 211 Timing of Muscle Activity......Page 212 Myoelectric Manifestations of Fatigue......Page 213 EMG Tuning Curves......Page 214 Muscle Synergies......Page 215 Single Motor Unit Behaviour......Page 217 References......Page 218 Cortical Representation Mapping......Page 222 Motor Evoked Potential Amplitude......Page 223 Recruitment Curves......Page 224 Neuromodulation: A New Treatment Strategy in Physiotherapy......Page 226 References......Page 227 Basics of Musculoskeletal Modelling Based on Inverse Dynamics......Page 230 A Simple Example......Page 231 Example 1: Simulated Changes in Lumbar Muscle Activation from a Pelvic Tilt......Page 232 Description of the Cervical Spine Model and Simulation......Page 233 Results......Page 234 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 235 References......Page 236 Importance of Standardizing Protocols......Page 237 Vibration Thresholds......Page 238 Pressure Pain Thresholds......Page 239 Thermal Quantitative Sensory Testing......Page 240 Test Site and Interpretation of Quantitative Sensory Testing Data......Page 241 References......Page 242 Types of Outcome Measures......Page 245 Decide on the Timing......Page 250 Case-Mix Adjustment......Page 251 References......Page 252 Section_2.3 text......Page 254 The Cross-Over Design, Diamond Design, Factorial Design and Fractional Factorial Design......Page 255 Randomized Withdrawal and Expertise-based Designs......Page 259 Clinical Research to Test Treatment Effects: N-of-1 Trial Designs......Page 260 Conclusion......Page 261 References......Page 262 CHAPTER OUTLINE......Page 263 Methodology and Methods......Page 264 References......Page 265 Methodology and Methods......Page 266 What is Mixed Methods Research?......Page 267 Quantitative Research......Page 268 References......Page 269 Context......Page 270 The Delphi Process......Page 271 A Nominal Group Technique Protocol as an Example......Page 272 References......Page 274 What is the Problem?......Page 275 What are the Types of Implementation Research?......Page 276 How are Interventions Developed that Aim to Increase Implementation of Research?......Page 277 How Best Should Theory be Used in Implementation Research?......Page 279 References......Page 280 III Advances in Clinical Science and Practice......Page 282 Section_3.1 text......Page 284 Sources of Evidence......Page 285 Inductive and Deductive Clinical Reasoning......Page 286 Clinical Prediction Rules......Page 287 Technology and Paper-Based Aides for Clinical Reasoning......Page 288 The Challenge of Making Clinical Reasoning Models Relevant to the Care of Individual Patients......Page 289 The Biopsychosocial Model – Why Dealing with the Physical is Often Not Enough......Page 290 References......Page 291 Introduction......Page 293 Stepwise Building of Agreement......Page 294 References......Page 296 CHAPTER 27.2 ■ Patient Education: A Collaborative Approach......Page 297 What Are the Learner’s (Patient’s) Personal Characteristics?......Page 298 Select Approaches to Facilitate the Learning......Page 299 Evaluate your Own Practice as an Educator......Page 300 Understanding Risk......Page 301 Framing Risk......Page 302 References......Page 304 CHAPTER 28.1 ■ The Patient’s Pain Experience......Page 305 Adopting a Role in the Health and Social Care System......Page 306 References......Page 307 Biomedical Education (Back Schools)......Page 308 Patient Education and Maladaptive Beliefs......Page 309 References......Page 310 Dosing......Page 312 Clinical Studies......Page 313 Basic Science Mechanisms......Page 314 Basic Science Mechanisms......Page 315 References......Page 316 Defining Spinal Manipulation......Page 320 Inducing Cavitation Within the Joint?......Page 321 Limitations of the Biomechanical Model......Page 322 Potential Spinal Cord Mediated Mechanisms......Page 323 Minimizing Risk in Applying Manipulation......Page 324 Clinical Reasoning and Patient Selection......Page 325 References......Page 326 Neurodynamic Tests......Page 330 Indications and Contraindications......Page 332 Normalization of Impaired Nerve Movement......Page 334 Influence on the Neuro-Immune Response......Page 335 Clinical Trial Evidence......Page 336 References......Page 337 Assessment to Guide Exercise Prescription......Page 341 Assessment of Muscle Structure......Page 342 Specificity and Selectivity of Exercise......Page 343 Forms of Exercise Commonly Applied to Manage Musculoskeletal Pain......Page 344 Motor Control Training......Page 345 Neuromuscular Adaptations......Page 346 Intensity of Resistance Training......Page 347 Clinical Prescription of Resistance Training......Page 348 References......Page 349 Overall Management Approach......Page 353 Cervical Movement Sense......Page 354 General Recommendations, Progression of Treatment......Page 355 Conclusion......Page 356 References......Page 357 Motor Control and Low Back Pain......Page 358 Sensorimotor Control in Low Back Pain......Page 359 References......Page 360 Brief Review of the Sensorimotor System......Page 362 Manual Therapy and the Sensorimotor System......Page 363 Taping and Bracing and the Sensorimotor System......Page 365 Exercise Therapy and the Sensorimotor System......Page 366 References......Page 367 Psychological Co-Morbidity and What to Do About It?......Page 371 Breathing Retraining and Body Scan Relaxation......Page 372 Behavioural Graded Activity Approaches......Page 373 Integrating Psychological Factors in to Clinical Practice......Page 374 References......Page 375 CHAPTER 34.1 ■ Electrophysical Agents......Page 377 References......Page 378 Physiological Effects of Acupuncture......Page 379 Acupuncture in the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Pain......Page 380 References......Page 381 Where is the Pain Coming From?......Page 382 References......Page 384 CHAPTER OUTLINE......Page 385 What is It?......Page 386 Important Issues......Page 387 What Causes Confusion?......Page 388 References......Page 389 Introduction......Page 390 Case Studies......Page 392 Clinical Reasoning Note......Page 393 References......Page 394 Screening for Craniocervical Instabilities......Page 395 Anterior Shear Test......Page 396 Controversies in Craniocervical Ligament Testing......Page 397 References......Page 398 Section_3.2 text......Page 400 Patient Education and Self-Management......Page 401 Evidence and Self-Management......Page 402 Discussion......Page 404 References......Page 405 Health Assessment......Page 407 Multisystem Review......Page 408 Motivational Interviewing......Page 414 Other Behaviour Change Strategies......Page 417 Examples of Physiotherapy-Directed Health Behaviour Change Initiatives......Page 418 References......Page 420 Factors Threatening Worker Health......Page 422 Primary Prevention......Page 423 Tools Available for Risk Management.......Page 424 A Systems Approach to Work Disability Prevention......Page 425 Beyond Physical Symptoms......Page 427 References......Page 428 Introduction......Page 431 Screening and Prevention......Page 432 Developing a Screening Tool......Page 434 References......Page 435 Movement Patterns......Page 437 The Functional Movement Screen – The Categorization and Predictive System......Page 438 The Selective Functional Movement Assessment – The Diagnostic System......Page 439 References......Page 441 Drivers of Advanced Role Development......Page 443 Primary Care Settings......Page 444 Process/Organizational Impacts......Page 445 Conclusions and Recommendations......Page 446 References......Page 447 IV Overview of Contemporary Issues in Practice......Page 450 Section_4.1 text......Page 452 Biological Perspectives......Page 453 Social Perspectives......Page 454 Patient Profiling in Clinical Practice......Page 455 Training to Restore Neuromuscular Function......Page 456 Transfer to Function......Page 457 Exercise Dosage to Address Recurrence......Page 458 Cervical Spine Mobilization and Manipulation......Page 459 Neurophysiological Mechanisms of Spinal Manipulation......Page 460 References......Page 461 Evidence Supporting the Presence of Tissue Damage......Page 466 Summary......Page 467 Is Whiplash-Associated Disorder a Culturally Dependent Condition?......Page 468 Predisposed Does Not Mean Predestined......Page 469 Summary of Current Evidence – What are Risk Factors, What are Not?......Page 470 Acute Whiplash-Associated Disorders......Page 471 Chronic Whiplash-Associated Disorders......Page 472 References......Page 473 Myogenic Temporomandibular Disorders......Page 476 Increased Muscle Activity During Rest......Page 477 Neurogenic Temporomandibular Disorders......Page 478 Physical Examination......Page 479 Quality of Clinical Tests......Page 480 Nervous System.......Page 481 Evidence for Physiotherapy in Temporomandibular Disorders......Page 482 Summary......Page 483 References......Page 484 CHAPTER 44.1 ■ Clinical Examination and Targeted Management of Thoracic Musculoskeletal Pain......Page 487 Yellow Flags......Page 488 Motion Assessment......Page 489 Diagnosis......Page 490 Address Contributing Impairments......Page 491 CHAPTER 44.2 ■ The Thoracic Ring Approach™ – A Whole Person Framework to Assess and Treat the Thoracic Spine and Ribcage......Page 492 Connecting the Thorax to Whole Body Function: Determining if the Thoracic Rings are the ‘Driver’ for the Patient’s Problem......Page 493 Summary......Page 496 CHAPTER 44.3 ■ Management of the Thoracic Spine in Patients with COPD......Page 498 Manual Therapy: Passive Interventions......Page 499 Exercise: Active Interventions......Page 500 References......Page 501 Introduction......Page 503 Repeated Movements......Page 504 Management......Page 505 Application of Mechanical Diagnosis and Therapy in the Cervical Spine......Page 506 References......Page 507 Multidimensional Clinical Reasoning Framework for LBP......Page 508 Cognitive Functional Therapy for the Targeted Management of Low Back Pain Disorders......Page 510 References......Page 511 Manipulation Classification......Page 513 Traction Classification......Page 515 References......Page 516 The Kinesiopathological Model......Page 517 Relative Stiffness......Page 518 General Pattern and Distribution of Syndromes......Page 519 Research......Page 521 References......Page 524 Introduction......Page 525 Basic Principles......Page 526 Progression of Exercise......Page 527 Is it Possible to Identify Patients Likely to Respond?......Page 529 References......Page 530 Challenging Health-Care Practitioner Beliefs Regarding the Pelvis......Page 531 Psychosocial Factors......Page 532 Physical Factors – Motor Control Factors......Page 533 Cognitive–Functional Approach to Management......Page 535 References......Page 536 Chapter 46.2 ■ The Pelvic Girdle: A Look at How Time, Experience and Evidence Change Paradigms......Page 538 The One Leg Standing (OLS) Test......Page 539 Case Report......Page 540 References......Page 542 Theoretical Models......Page 543 Classification of Low Back Pain Patients......Page 544 References......Page 546 Hip Musculature......Page 549 Chondropathy of the Hip......Page 550 Advice.......Page 551 Medical and Surgical Management......Page 553 The Role of Imaging: When to and When Not to Image?......Page 557 Gluteal Tendinopathy......Page 558 Controversies, Uncertainties and Future Directions......Page 559 References......Page 561 Nature of Loads......Page 565 Development of Neuromuscular Control......Page 567 Conclusion......Page 568 References......Page 569 Evidence for Impairments in Local Motor Control in Patellofemoral Pain......Page 571 Exercise......Page 572 Taping......Page 574 Effectiveness of Treatments......Page 575 References......Page 576 Impact on Individuals and Society......Page 579 Risk Factors for Development and Progression......Page 580 Diagnosis......Page 581 Exercise......Page 582 Braces......Page 584 Footwear and Orthoses......Page 585 References......Page 586 Prognosis......Page 590 Inversion Sprain......Page 591 Syndesmosis Injury......Page 592 Chronic Ankle Instability......Page 593 Ankle Sprain......Page 594 Conclusion......Page 595 References......Page 596 The Importance of Epidemiology Data in Shoulder Assessment and Diagnosis......Page 600 The Screening Examination......Page 601 Orthopaedic Special Tests and Diagnostic Accuracy......Page 602 Summary......Page 603 References......Page 604 Rotator Cuff Function......Page 606 Treatment......Page 607 What Else Influences Outcome?......Page 608 References......Page 609 Introduction......Page 611 Physical Examination......Page 612 Anterior Dislocation......Page 613 Conservative Rehabilitation Principles......Page 614 References......Page 616 Overview......Page 618 Recommendations......Page 619 Introduction......Page 620 Diagnosis......Page 621 Management......Page 622 References......Page 624 Outcome Measures......Page 626 Medial Instability......Page 627 Nerve Function......Page 628 Strength......Page 629 Acute Traumatic Injuries of Bone and Ligaments......Page 630 Lateral Epicondylalgia......Page 633 Conclusion......Page 634 References......Page 635 Range of Motion......Page 638 Hand Therapy......Page 639 Distal Radius Fractures......Page 640 Scaphoid Fractures......Page 641 Volar Plate Injury at the Proximal Interphalangeal Joint......Page 642 Scapholunate Ligament......Page 643 Distal Radio-ulnar Joint and Ulnocarpal Complex......Page 644 Thumb Carpometacarpal Joint......Page 645 References......Page 646 V Future Directions......Page 650 53 Future Directions in Research and Practice......Page 652 Reference......Page 653 B......Page 654 C......Page 655 E......Page 656 F......Page 657 I......Page 658 L......Page 659 M......Page 660 O......Page 662 P......Page 663 S......Page 665 T......Page 667 W......Page 668 Z......Page 669