Challenging Online Propaganda and Disinformation in the 21st Century

Description

Preface Acknowledgements Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Tables Part I 1 Explaining the Challenge: From Persuasion to Relativisation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Propaganda 1.2.1 Manipulation Is the Backbone of Propaganda 1.3 Disinformation 1.3.1 What Disinformation Is and What It Is not 1.3.2 Disinformation Versus Fake News 1.4 Disinformation and Propaganda as a Tool to Promote Political Outcomes 1.5 What Is New in the Twenty-First Century, and Where Are My Facts? 1.5.1 The Journey We Have Taken to the Post-Truth Era 1.5.2 Infodemic—Post-Truth on Steroids 1.6 Conclusion Bibliography 2 Propaganda and Disinformation Go Online 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Information Environment 2.3 Challenges in Today’s Information Environment 2.4 From Trolls to Bots 2.5 Blurring the Lines Between Politics and Business 2.6 Deepfake as a Future Tool of Online Propaganda? 2.7 Summary Bibliography 3 Propaganda and Disinformation as a Security Threat 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Propaganda and Disinformation from the Point of View of Security Analysis 3.3 Contemporary ‘Rogue’ Propaganda and Disinformation Actors 3.4 Strategies and Tactics of Contemporary Disinformation and Propaganda 3.5 Defence and Protection Against Propaganda and Disinformation 3.6 Conclusion References 4 Labelling Speech 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Disinformation in the Context of Freedom of Expression 4.2.1 European Convention on Human Rights 4.2.2 Freedom of Expression 4.2.3 Doctrine of Margin Appreciation 4.2.4 Components of Freedom of Expression 4.2.5 Typology of Speech 4.2.5.1 Hate Speech and Other Unprotected Forms of Speech 4.2.5.2 Conflict of Fundamental Rights or Freedoms 4.2.5.3 Restrictions Permitted Under the Convention 4.3 Permissible Restrictions to Freedom of Speech Through State Action 4.3.1 State Interference 4.3.2 Prescribed by Law 4.3.3 Legitimate Aim 4.3.3.1 National Security 4.3.3.2 Territorial Integrity 4.3.3.3 Public Safety, Prevention of Disorder or Crime, Authority, and Impartiality of the Judiciary 4.3.3.4 Protection of Reputation or Rights of Others 4.3.3.5 Protection of Health or Morals, Confidence of Information 4.3.4 Necessary in a Democratic Society 4.4 Expressions Infringing upon the Fundamental Rights or Freedoms of Others 4.5 Disinformation Suppression Through Hosting Provider Liability 4.6 Conclusions Bibliography Part II 5 Technological Approaches to Detecting Online Disinformation and Manipulation 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Task Specification 5.2.1 Fake News Detection 5.2.2 Detection of Manipulative Techniques 5.2.3 Generating Fictive Content 5.3 Methods Specification 5.3.1 Fact-Checking 5.3.2 Manipulative Style Recognition 5.3.3 Source Credibility 5.3.4 Information Flow Analysis 5.4 Datasets and Evaluation 5.4.1 Trusted, Satire, Hoax, and Propaganda (TSHP) 2017 Corpus 5.4.2 QProp Corpus 5.4.3 Dataset for Fine-Grained Propaganda Detection (QCRI Dataset) 5.4.4 Dataset of Propaganda Techniques in Czech News Portals (MU Dataset) 5.4.5 Dataset to Study Fake News in Portuguese 5.4.6 Topics and Emotions in the Russian Propaganda Dataset 5.4.7 The BuzzFeed-Webis Fake News Corpus 2016 5.4.8 Liar 5.4.9 Detector Dataset 5.4.10 Credbank 5.5 Summary References 6 Proportionate Forensics of Disinformation and Manipulation 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Data, Information, and Evidence 6.2.1 Online Discovery 6.2.2 The Game of Proportionality 6.2.3 Data and Information 6.3 Electronic Evidence of Disinformation and Manipulation 6.3.1 Legal Framework for Collecting and Evaluating Electronic Evidence in the European Union 6.3.1.1 Mutual Legal Assistance 6.3.1.2 European Investigation Order 6.3.1.3 Proposal for European Production and Preservation Orders 6.3.2 Proportionate Approach to Digital Forensic Analysis of Disinformation and Propaganda 6.3.2.1 The Role of Digital Forensic Practitioners 6.3.2.2 Fundamental Principles of Digital Forensic Analysis 6.3.2.3 Challenges to the Digital Forensic Analysis of Disinformation and Propaganda 6.3.2.4 Detecting Online Disinformation and Propaganda Using Automated Analytical Tools 6.4 Conclusions Bibilography 7 Institutional Responses of European Countries 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Framework for Analysis: Institutional Countermeasures Against Influence Operations 7.2.1 Actions with the Public 7.2.2 State Measures 7.2.3 Legal Measures 7.2.4 Actions with the Media 7.2.5 Actions with Political Parties 7.2.6 Direct Countermeasures 7.3 Actions of the European Union and NATO 7.3.1 European Union 7.3.2 Nato 7.4 Case Studies 7.4.1 Denmark: Ambitiously Fighting Disinformation 7.4.1.1 Current Situation 7.4.1.2 Institutional Responses 7.4.1.3 Conclusion 7.4.2 Czech Republic: On the Halfway Mark 7.4.2.1 Current Situation 7.4.2.2 Institutional Responses 7.4.2.3 Conclusion 7.4.3 Bulgaria: Internal Disunity Through External Influences 7.4.3.1 Current Situation 7.4.3.2 Institutional Responses 7.4.3.3 Conclusion 7.5 Conclusion Bibliography 8 Civil Society Initiatives Tackling Disinformation: Experiences of Central European Countries 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Civil Society and Disinformation in Current Understanding and Literature 8.3 How to Research Civil Society Properly and Ethically? 8.4 Civil Society Actors Tackling Disinformation in Central Europe 8.4.1 Czech Republic 8.4.2 Hungary 8.4.3 Poland 8.4.4 Slovakia 8.5 Summary Bibliography 9 Conclusion Bibliography Index