Blockchain Technology for Smart Grids: Implementation, management and security

Description

Smart grids with distributed clean energy generation, storage and prosumers are the future of energy systems. They need two-way digital communication between multiple customers and suppliers of energy, to produce, buy and sell electricity to the grid at small scales. These arrangements need a system that maintains, checks, and registers information about transactions. Blockchain technology is able to handle these requirements with smart contracts, peer-to-peer energy trading and immutable transactions. A blockchain is a digital ledger of transactions that can be accessed across the entire network of computer systems. Combined with sensors to track energy flows, blockchain can enable the smart grid. After an introduction to blockchain, chapters cover integration with IoT, IoT- and blockchain-enabled smart grids, use of sensors, security and privacy, use of machine and deep learning, energy storage and transaction, as well as use of cryptocurrencies for transactions. Written by an international team with the necessary multi-disciplinarity, this work for researchers in power systems as well as economists with related interests covers the use of blockchain technology for smart grids. Contents About the Editors 1 Blockchain: a new era of technology 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 Properties of blockchain 1.1.2 How blockchain works 1.2 Components of blockchain 1.2.1 Distributed ledger: historical record which is immutable 1.2.2 Peer-to-peer network: maintains distributed ledger 1.2.3 Wallet: stores user credentials 1.2.4 Smart contract: automates the transaction 1.2.5 Events: blockchain update notifications 1.2.6 Systems management: manages components of blockchain 1.2.7 Systems integration: integrates external system with blockchain 1.3 Blockchain actors 1.3.1 Blockchain architect 1.3.2 Blockchain network operator 1.3.3 Blockchain developer 1.3.4 Processing platforms 1.3.5 Blockchain regulator 1.3.6 Data storage 1.3.7 Blockchain user 1.4 Types of blockchain 1.4.1 Public blockchain 1.4.2 Private blockchain 1.4.3 Hybrid blockchain 1.4.4 Consortium blockchain 1.5 Transaction flow 1.5.1 Client initiates a transaction 1.5.2 Endorsing peers verify signature and execute the transaction 1.5.3 Proposal responses are inspected 1.5.4 Client assembles endorsements into a transaction 1.5.5 Transaction is validated and committed 1.5.6 Ledger updated 1.6 Cryptography in blockchain 1.6.1 Cryptography types 1.6.2 Use of cryptography in blockchain 1.7 Blockchain Merkle tree 1.8 Consensus in blockchain 1.8.1 Types of consensus algorithm 1.9 Conclusion References 2 Integration of blockchain with IoT-enabled sensor networks for smart grids 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Internet of Things 2.2.1 Mechanism behind IoT 2.2.2 Empowering technologies for the IoT 2.2.3 Significance of IoT 2.3 Wireless sensor networks 2.3.1 Characteristics of WSNs 2.3.2 WSNs data transmission energy consumption model 2.4 Smart grids 2.4.1 Purpose of the smart grid 2.4.2 Grid structure in a traditional Grid 2.5 IoT-enabled sensor networks for smart grids 2.5.1 Smart grid: in action 2.5.2 Implementation challenges for IoT-based smart grids 2.5.3 How smart cities are using smart grid technology to benefit their communities 2.5.4 Advantages of smart grid 2.6 Blockchain for IoT 2.6.1 Advantages of decentralization 2.6.2 Challenges of adopting blockchain in IoT applications 2.7 Vulnerabilities in IoT 2.7.1 Problems at sensing layer 2.7.2 Problems of security in network layer 2.7.3 Security problems at middleware layer 2.7.4 Security problems at gateways 2.7.5 Security problems at application layer 2.8 Scalability in IoT 2.9 Conclusion References 3 Blockchain technology as a solution to address security and privacy issues in IoT 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Security and privacy concerns in the IoT 3.2.1 Limitations of IoT network 3.2.2 Security and privacy attacks of IoT 3.3 Blockchain technology concepts 3.3.1 Blockchain types 3.3.2 Core components of a blockchain 3.3.3 Key features of blockchain technology for IoT security and privacy 3.3.4 Integration of blockchain in IoT-layered architecture 3.3.5 Benefits of blockchain in IoT 3.3.6 Blockchain application in solving IoT security and privacy issues 3.3.7 Commercial implementations of blockchain in supply chain management 3.3.8 Newer application areas of blockchain 3.4 Open issues and research areas of blockchain in IoT 3.5 Conclusion References 4 Secured energy-efficient routing protocol with game-based fuzzy Q-learning approach for smart grid systems 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Routing protocols in SGs 4.3 Review of related works 4.3.1 Framework of secured energy-efficient routing protocol for SG communication 4.4 An improved energy-efficient zone-based routing protocol (IZCG) for SG communications 4.4.1 Estimation of node die-out rate 4.5 An energy-efficient DC and control technique 4.5.1 Algorithm for DC estimation 4.5.2 Algorithm for path discovery process during packet transmission 4.5.3 Algorithm for predecessor CFS node receive CSP 4.6 Record- and trust-based mechanism for SND in SG communications 4.6.1 Selfish node detection 4.6.2 RTBD mechanism 4.6.3 Algorithm: SND–EDCDC–IZCG mechanism 4.7 Cognitive radio multichannel MAC protocol for second channel utilization 4.7.1 Cognitive radio multichannel MAC protocol 4.8 G-FQL approach 4.8.1 Pricing mechanism 4.8.2 Routing process 4.8.3 Routing cost 4.9 Simulation results 4.9.1 Throughput 4.9.2 Packet delivery ratio 4.9.3 Packet drop ratio 4.9.4 Delay 4.9.5 Control overhead 4.10 Conclusion References 5 Blockchain-based secured IoT-enabled smart grid system 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Paradigm shift of conventional power grid system to the SG system 5.1.2 SG system 5.1.3 Advanced metering infrastructure 5.1.4 Challenges and issues in SG system 5.1.5 Blockchain-based security 5.2 Literature survey 5.3 Blockchain-based secured IoT-enabled SG system 5.3.1 Immutability of data in MDMS ledger 5.3.2 Adversary avoidance in HAN 5.4 Result and analysis 5.5 Conclusion References 6 Deployment of IoT-based sensor data management in smart grids 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Internet of things 6.3 SG 6.4 Requirement of SGs 6.5 Challenges of SGs 6.6 IoT services to SG 6.6.1 Requirements for using IoT in SG 6.7 Sources of data 6.8 Procedure for IoT-based sensor data management in SGs 6.8.1 Requirements of data collection in SGs and the analyzing technique 6.8.2 Process of IoT-based sensor data management in SGs 6.9 Advantages of placing the sensors in SGs 6.9.1 Predictive maintenance/condition-based maintenance 6.9.2 Identification of topology 6.9.3 Renewable energy forecasting 6.9.4 Data management issues in SG 6.10 Benefits of sensor data management in SGs 6.11 Future trends and tendencies 6.12 Conclusion References 7 Security and privacy of smart grid data and management using blockchain technology 7.1 Introduction 7.2 SG 7.3 Blockchain technology 7.4 Consensus mechanisms 7.5 Blockchain applications to provide security in SG 7.5.1 SGs equipment maintenance 7.5.2 Power generation and distribution 7.5.3 Security and privacy in power conservation techniques 7.5.4 Energy trading in electric vehicles 7.5.5 Peer-to-peer trading infrastructure 7.6 Case study of blockchain in SGs 7.6.1 Blockchain in advanced metering infrastructure 7.6.2 Decentralized energy trading and market using blockchain 7.6.3 Monitoring, measuring, and controlling using blockchain 7.6.4 Blockchain-based access control protocol in IoT-enabled SG system 7.6.5 Blockchain-based cybersecurity and advanced distribution in SG 7.7 Conclusion References 8 Machine learning and deep-learning algorithms for blockchain and IoT-driven smart grids 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Privacy-preserving data aggregation mechanism based on blockchain and homomorphic encryption for smart grid 8.3 Evaluation of the scheme 8.3.1 System version 8.3.2 Models of assault 8.4 The scheme that has been proposed 8.4.1 Setting up the machine 8.4.2 Authentication system 8.4.3 Blockchain transaction report 8.5 Units of low-excellent statistics are processed 8.6 Evaluation of overall performance as well as safety 8.6.1 Overhead in computation 8.6.2 Cost of computation 8.6.3 Protection of personal information 8.7 DL mechanisms 8.7.1 Identification of smart grid equipment 8.8 Blockchain layers 8.9 Collection algorithms 8.9.1 Previous mechanism knowledge algorithms 8.9.2 Difference between mechanism knowledge and profound knowledge algorithms 8.10 Smart grids 8.11 IoT machine identification 8.12 Method 8.12.1 Structure block designed for potential IoT machine organization: blockchain as well as 5G MEC 8.12.2 A mixture blockchain organization designed for the elegant network 8.12.3 Blockchain container subsists separated into three types: community, confidential, along with association blockchain 8.12.4 Learn on top of mixture blockchain disagreement algorithms 8.13 Blockchain and IoT for smart grids 8.13.1 Blockchain principles and strength 8.14 DL insists reaction within the elegant network 8.15 State-of-the-art DL procedures for call for reaction and smart grids 8.15.1 Power pilfering recognition 8.15.2 Energy sharing and trading 8.15.3 Inducement base immediate DR algorithm designed for elegant grid 8.16 Challenge with sufficient methodological solutions be accessible now 8.16.1 Active price designed for call for reaction within the microgrid 8.16.2 Stack forecasting within the clever grid 8.16.3 Cyberattacks in bidirectional strength buying and selling 8.17 Conclusion References 9 Cloud computing-based techniques for blockchain-based smart grids 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 SG introduction 9.2 Use of blockchain in SG 9.2.1 Blockchain 9.2.2 Approach for blockchain-based SG 9.2.3 Applications of blockchain in SG 9.2.4 Proposed architecture 9.2.5 Transactions 9.3 Cloud computing uses in SG 9.3.1 Cloud computing 9.4 Integration of blockchain and cloud in SG 9.4.1 Benefits of using blockchain in SG 9.4.2 Layers of SG and blockchain applications in different layers 9.5 How is blockchain run on cloud? 9.6 Blockchain-based decentralized cloud computing 9.7 Blockchain-based decentralized cloud solutions 9.7.1 Ankr 9.7.2 Dfinity 9.7.3 Solana 9.8 Cloud-based techniques for blockchain-based SG 9.8.1 Cloud-based demand response 9.8.2 Cloud-based economic power dispatching 9.9 Challenges while merging blockchain with SG 9.9.1 Issues of scalability 9.9.2 Chances for centralization 9.10 Conclusion References 10 Smart grid: energy storage and transaction 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Background 10.2.1 Blockchain 10.2.2 Smart grid 10.2.3 Need for smart grids 10.3 Blockchain applications in smart grid 10.3.1 Blockchain applications in energy transaction 10.3.2 Energy storage in blockchain 10.3.3 Blockchain applications in energy trading 10.4 Construction of transaction platform 10.4.1 Handling of transaction request 10.4.2 Store transaction 10.4.3 Access transaction 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Development of novel cryptocurrencies for IoT—blockchain-enabled smart grid platforms 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Blockchain background 11.2.1 Blockchain fundamentals 11.2.2 DLT, blockchain, and smart contract 11.2.3 Blockchain categories 11.2.4 Consensus mechanisms 11.3 IoT blockchain in smart grid 11.3.1 Moving toward decentralized smart grid system 11.3.2 Motivations of applying blockchain in smart grid paradigm 11.4 Blockchain contribution in smart grid 11.4.1 Blockchain for advanced metering infrastructure 11.4.2 Blockchain in decentralized energy trading and market 11.4.3 Use of blockchain to monitor, measure, and control 11.4.4 Blockchain on EVs and charging units management 11.4.5 Use of blockchain in microgrid 11.5 Cryptocurrency initiatives 11.5.1 SolarCoin 11.5.2 NRGcoin 11.5.3 Electronic energy coin 11.5.4 KWHCoin 11.5.5 TerraGreen coin 11.6 Blockchain contributions in smart grid 11.6.1 Blockchain-based infrastructure for smart metering 11.6.2 Autonomous energy trading and market utilizing blockchain 11.6.3 Monitoring, measuring, and controlling using blockchain 11.7 Hash algorithm 11.7.1 Mathematical implementation of Merkle trees for creation and verification 11.8 Conclusion References Index