A Reference Grammar of Syrian Arabic

Description

This reference grammar of the Syrian dialect used in Damascus is considered the model of reference grammars. INTRODUCTION TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: PHONOLOGY Chapter 1 Sounds Consonants Velarization Vowels Length Accentuation Sound Combinations Phrasing Vowel positions Single and double consonants Two-consonants clusters Three-consonant clusters General Sound Changes Assimilations Neutralizations Syncope Anaptyxis INTRODUCTION TO PARTS II and III Chapter 2 Morphological Principles Inflectional bases Roots and patterns Pattern alterations Derivation PART IIA: BASE FORMS Chapter 3 Verb Patterns (with Inflectional Paradigms) Simple triradical patterns Augmented triradical patterns Pseudo-quadriradical patterns True quadri-radical patterns Chapter 4 Adjective Patterns Simple triradical patterns Augmented triradical patterns Participial patterns Quadriradical patterns Chapter 5 Noun Patterns The -e/-a suffix Triradical patterns Quadri-radical patterns Others Construct forms Numeral construct forms PART IIB: INFLECTIONAL FORMS Chapter 6 Verb Inflection Expression of the categories Affix alternants Stem alternants tense person number/gender mode Chapter 7 Adjective Inflection Number/gender suffixes Stem modificat ions Broken plurals Pattern ?aF£aL Chapter 8 Noun Inflection Dual forms Sound plurals Broken plurals PART IIIA: DERIVATIONAL CATEGORIES Chapter 9 Verb Derivation Passive Causative Ascriptive Estimative Eductive Conative Participative Reciprocative Simulative Inchoative Descriptive Abstractive Augmentative Applicative Chapter 10 Adjective Derivation Participial Dispositional Agentive Characteristic Relative Chapter 11 Noun Derivation Abstract and Gerundial Singulative Feminal Occupational Instrumental Locative Hypostatic Diminutive Elative Numeral derivatives PART IIIB: INFLECTIONAL CATEGORIES Chapter 12 Tense Uses of the Imperfect actuality (£am-) anticipation (raha-) future assumption annunciatory generalizing dispositional Uses of the Perfect past time reference conditional clauses Tense subordination Chapter 13 Mode Uses of the Subjunctive independent optative comple-mental optative complemental assertive indefinite attributive prepositional complemental supplemental Imperative Chapter 14 Person, Nunber, and Gender Person Number Count nouns singular dual plural Abstract and mass nouns plural of abundance or variety plural of quantification or identification Gender of Nouns PART IV: SYNTAX Chapter 15 Syntactical Principles and Constructions Sentences and clauses Parts of a predication Parts of speech Negation ma mu the negative copula la Coordination w- ?aw ya and yamma walla polysyndetic coordinations fa- laken and bass asyndetic coordinations Chapter 16 Predication and Extraposition Non-verbal predications Verbal predications Quasi-verbal predications Suppression of the subject Inversion Number/gender agreement Extraposition Chapter 17 Complementation Objects Adverbial noun complements Prepositional complements Predicative complements Complemental clauses Chapter 18 Annexion and Prepositions Substantive annexion definite and indefinite identificatory and classificatory periphrasis relationships expressed derivative constructs Adjective annexion Partitive annexion (Cardinal) numeral annexion Elative and ordinal annexion Prepositions pronoun-suffixing forms -l- suffixes free prepositions combinations with man and la- other special prepositions Prepositional and annexion clauses Chapter 19 Attribution Agreement in definition Definite attributive clauses Indefinite attributive clauses Prepositional attributes Adjective attributes Appositives Chapter 20 Supplementation Adverbs Adverbial adjectives Adverbial nouns Adverbial prepositional phrases Sentence supplements Adverbial clauses Circumstantial clauses Chapter 21 Substitution Anaphoric substitution Personal pronouns forms suffix constructions independent form constructions Demonstratives Question words Index