Physics with Health Science Applications

Description

Physics with Health Science Applications presents an understanding of basic concepts in physics and prepares students to apply them both professionally and in everyday life. It is intended for the courses in physics with health science applications commonly taken by students majoring in allied health, nursing, physical therapy, kinesiology, and related disciplines. The publication introduces topics with familiar everyday examples before proceeding to general principles. Numerous examples with step-by-step solutions and applications related to the health sciences and everyday situations are used to illustrate physical principles. This enables the student to understand the general principles and their relevance; the unifying aspect of physical laws and the basic simplicity of nature form the underlying theme of the text. The publication includes access to a website with step-by-step solutions to numerous homework problems, approximately 30 audiovisual lessons on fundamental topics, and 11 labs that enhance and expand topics ranging from vector addition to radioactive half-life. 1. Introduction 1.1. Physics in the Health Sciences 1.2. Models, Theories, and Laws 1.2.1. The Importance of Experiments 1.3. Length, Mass and Time: The Basic Units 2. Motion 2.1. Time, Displacement, (Lesson on Speed, Velocity, and Acceleration) 2.2. Linear Motion and Problem Solving 2.2.1. Instantaneous Velocity 2.3. Graphical Representation of Motion 2.3.1. Position versus Time 2.4. Motion Equations and Problem-Solving 2.5. Gravity and Falling Bodies Review: Things to know for Chapter 2 Questions Problems 3. Force 3.1. Force, the Cause of Acceleration; Newton's Laws of Motion 3.1.1. Newton's Laws of Motion and the Concept of a System Things to know for Section 3.1 3.2. Weight, Friction, Tension, and Other Classes of Forces 3.2.1. Weight and the Force of Gravity 3.2.2. Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation 3.2.3. Friction and the Normal Force 3.2.4. Tension Things to know for Section 3.2 3.3. Vectors: Methods of Adding and Projecting Forces 3.3.1. Graphical Method of Vector Addition 3.3.2. Mathematical method of Vector Addition 3.3.3. Forces Exerted by Muscles: An Introduction 3.3.4. Traction Systems 3.3.5. Projection of Forces Things to know for Section 3.3 3.4. Statics; Torque and Rotation 3.4.1. Statics: A Special Case of Newton's Laws 3.4.2. Torque Things to know for Section 3.4 3.5. Rotational Motion and Centripetal Force Things to know for Section 3.5 Questions Problems 4. Work, Energy, and Power 4.1. Work: The Physicist's Definition Things to know in Section 4.1 4.2 Energy 4.2.1. Potential Energy 4.2.2. Potential Energy: Energy Due to Position Things to know for Section 4.2 4.3. Conservation of Total Energy: The Concept of a System Revisited Things to know for Section 4.3 4.4. Power and Efficiency 4.4.1. Power: The Time Rate of Doing Work Things to Know for Section 4.4 4.5. Work, Energy, Power, and Efficiency in Humans 4.5.1. Metabolic Rates Things to Know for Chapter 4 Questions Problems 5. Temperature and Heat 5.1. Temperature and Phases of Matter 5.1.1. Atoms, Molecules, and the Phases of Matter 5.1.2. Temperature Scales and Thermometers 5.1.3. Thermal Expansion 5.1.4. Density Things to know for Section 5.1 5.2. Heat 5.2.1. Specific Heat Capacity "c" Things to know for Section 5.2 5.3. Phase Changes and Latent Heat 5.3.1. Heat Of Fusion 5.3.2. Latent Heat; Heats of Fusion, and Vaporization 5.3.3. Evaporation and Relative Humidity 5.3.4. Situations Involving Both Phase and Temperature Changes Things to know for Section 5.3 5.4. Methods of Heat Transfer 5.4.1. Conduction 5.4.2. Convection 5.4.3. Heat Transfer by Radiation Things to know for Section 5.4 5.5. Heat and the Human Body 5.5.1. Effects of Heat on the Body 5.5.2. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Uses of Heat and Cold Things to know for Chapter 5 Questions Problems 6. Fluids and Pressure 6.1. Definition of Pressure 6.1.1. The Dependence of Pressure in a Gas on Volume 6.1.1.1. A brief treatment Things to know for 6.1 6.2. Pascal's Principle 6.2.1. Hydraulic Systems 6.2.2. Pressure Due to the Weight of a Fluid-Pressure at Depth Things to know for section 6.2 6.3. Measurement of Pressure 6.3.1. Based on Pascal's Principle and P[depth] = ρ[fluid] · g · depth 6.3.2. Pressure Measuring Devices Including Those Based on P[depth] = ρ[fluid] · g · depth 6.4. Buoyant Force and Archimedes' Principle 6.4.1. Deriving the Buoyant Force Equation 6.4.2. Floating Objects: Percentage Submerged Things to know for section 6.4 6.5. Flow: Poiseuille's Law, Laminar Flow, and Turbulent Flow 6.5.1. Effect of Atmospheric Pressure on Flow 6.5.2. Pressure Difference Causes Fluids to Flow 6.5.3. Turbulent Flow 6.5.4. Turbulent Flow and the Reynold's Number Things to know for 6.5 6.6. The Bernoulli Effect and Entertainment 6.6.1. Bernoulli Effect in Flow Not Confined to Tubes Things to know for 6.6 6.7. Cohesion and Adhesion 6.7.1. Surface Tension 6.7.2. Adhesion and Capillary Action 6.7.3. Can Cohesion Produce a Negative Absolute Pressure? Things to know for section 6.7 Things to know for chapter 6 Question Problem 7. Biological and Medical Applications of Pressures and Fluids 7.1. Examples of Pressure in Humans 7.1.1. Bladder Pressure 7.1.2. Cerebrospinal Pressure 7.1.3. Pressure in the Eye 7.1.4. Pressure in the Gastrointestinal System 7.1.5. Pressure in the Skeleton 7.2. Molecular Phenomena and Biological Processes 7.2.1. Diffusion 7.2.2. Diffusion Through Membranes 7.2.3. Osmosis 7.2.4. Examples of Osmosis in Biological Organisms 7.2.5. Dialysis 7.2.6. Active Transport 7.3. The Cardiovascular System 7.3.1. The Heart as a Double Pump 7.3.2. Overall Circulatory System 7.3.3. Blood Velocities and Branching 7.3.4. Effect of Gravity on the Circulatory System 7.3.5 Flow Regulation in the Circulatory System 7.3.6. Laplace's Law and Wall Tension in the Circulatory System 7.3.7. Energy and Power 7.4. The Physics of Respiration 7.4.1. The Breathing Mechanism 7.4.2. Interaction between the Respiratory and Circulatory Systems 7.5. Medical Instrumentation and Devices Related to Fluids 7.5.1. Devices Associated with the Circulatory System 7.5.2. Labor Monitors Questions Problems 8. Elasticity and Waves; Sound 8.1. Hooke's Law and Periodic Motion Thin gs to know for section 8.1 8.2. Transverse and Longitudinal Waves 8.2.1. Wavelength and Other Wave Characteristics Things to know for section 8.2 8.3. Energy in Waves; Intensity 8.3.1. Reflection and Attenuation of Waves Things to know for section 8.3 8.4. Superposition and Resonance 8.4.1. Beats 8.4.2. Multiple Frequencies 8.4.3. Resonance 8.5. The Doppler Effect: Moving Sources and Observers 8.5.1. Use of the Doppler Effect to Measure Velocities 8.5.2. Sonic Booms and Bow Wakes: Sources Moving Faster Than the Velocity of the Wave Things to know for Chapter 8 Questions Problems 9. Sound and Hearing 9.1. The Hearing Mechanism 9.2. Sound Perception 9.2.1. The Perception of Single and Multiple Frequencies 9.2.2. The Perception of Intensity 9.2.3. Sound-Level Measurements and Environmental Noise 9.3. Hearing Loss and Correction 9.3.1. Hearing Tests Questions Problems 10. Introduction to Electricity and Magnetism 10.1. Electric Charges and Forces 10.1.1. The Electric Field; Fields of Force Things to know for section 10.1 10.2. Voltage: Electric Potential Things to know for section 10.2 10.3. Current: The Flow of Charge Things to know for section 10.3 10.4. Magnetism 10.4.1. Medical Uses of Magnetic Fields 10.4.2. Other Uses of Magnetic Fields Things to know for section 10.4 10.5. Meters, Motors, Generators, and Transformers; Faraday's Law of Induction 10.5.1. Meters 10.5.2. Motors 10.5.3. Generators 10.5.4. Faraday's Law of Induction 10.5.5. Transformers Things to know for Chapter 10 Questions Problems 11. Simple Electric Circuits 11.1. Schematic Representation of a Circuit 11.1.1 A Simple Electrical Circuit with Resistors in Series Things to know for Section 11.1 11.2. Power in Electric Circuits 11.2.1 Energy Consumption and the Cost of Using Electricity Things to know for Section 11.2 11.3. Alternating Current 11.3.1. Why Use ac Electricity? 11.4. Multiple-Resistance Circuits 11.4.1. Series Connection of Resistances 11.4.2. Parallel Connection of Resistances 11.4.3. Combinations of Series and Parallel Connections Things to know for Section 11.4 11.5. The Basics of Electrical Safety 11.5.1. Thermal Hazards: Circuit Breakers and Fuses 11.5.2. Shock Hazards: the Three-Wire System Things to know for Chapter 11 Questions Problems 12. Electrical Safety 12.1. Physiological Effects of Electrical Shock 12.1.1. Frequency Effects 12.1.1.1. Microshock Sensitivity 12.1.2. Leakage Currents 12.1.3. Danger, Broken Ground Wire 12.1.4. Different Ground Connections 12.1.5. Open Circuits 12.2 Summary of Precautions Things to know for Chapter 12 Questions Problems 13. Bioelectricity 13.1. Generation and Transmission of Bioelectricity 13.1.1. Generation: the Resting Potential 13.1.2. Differences in Ionic Concentrations and Semipermeability of the Cell Boundary 13.1.3. Transmission of Bioelectrical Signals: The Action PotentialDepolarization and Repolarization 13.2. Detection of Biolectricity and its Use in Medical Diagnostics 13.2.1. Measurement of Bioelectricity in Individual Cells 13.2.2. Measurement of Bioelectricity in Large Collections of Cells Questions Problems 14. Geometric Optics 14.1. Light as a Ray: Reflection and Refraction 14.1.1. Reflection 14.1.2. Refraction Things to know in section 14.1 14.2. Lenses and Mirrors: Image Formation 14.2.1. Lenses: Convex and Concave 14.2.2. Concave Lenses 14.2.3. Image Formation 14.2.4. Mirrors Things to know for section 14.2 14.3. Multiple-Element Systems 14.4. Optical Instruments 14.4.1. Fiber Optics: Endoscopes to Telephones 14.4.2. Concentrated Light Sources 14.4.3. Measurement of the Curvature of the Cornea 14.4.4. Telescopes Things to know for Ch 14.1 Questions Problems 15. Vision 15.1. Image Formation by the Eye 15.1.1. Accommodation 15.1.2. Acuity Things to know for section 15.1 15.2. Correction of Common Vision Defects 15.2.1. Myopia (Near sighted) 15.2.2. Hyperopia (far sighted) 15.2.3. Vision Correction Calculations 15.2.4. Loss of Accommodation Ability: Presbyopia 15.2.5. Astigmatism 15.2.6. Cataracts Things to know for section 15.2 15.3. Color Vision 15.3.1. Background 15.3.2. Simplified Theory of Color Vision 15.3.3. Why Do Objects and Light Sources Display Color? 15.3.4. One Modified Theory: The Retinex Theory 15.3.5. Summary Things to know for Chapter 15 Questions Problems 16. Electromagnetic Radiation Introduction to Modern Physics 16.1. Wave Character of Visible Light Things to know for Section 16.1 16.2. The Electromagnetic Spectrum 16.2.1. Major Divisions of the EM Spectrum 16.2.2. Home Experiment: Determine the Speed of Light in Your Kitchen! Things to know for Section 16.2 16.3. Photons 16.3.1. Photoelectric Effect and Photons 16.3.2. The Photon Picture Things to know for Section 16.3 Things to know for Chapter 16 Questions Problems 17. Atomic Physics 17.1. Atomic Spectra 17.1.1. The Planetary Model of the Atom-Early Model, Useful but Incomplete 17.1.2. Wave Character of Matter 17.1.3. X-Rays 17.1.4. Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 17.1.5. Lasers 17.1.6. Other Atomic Characteristics Things to know for chapter 17 Questions Problems 18. Radioactivity and Nuclear Physics 18.1. Discovery of Radioactivity 18.1.1. The Three Major Types of Radioactivity 18.1.2. Range and Ionization 18.1.3 Radiation Detectors 18.2. Nuclear Composition and Nuclear Decay 18.2.1. The Composition of the Nucleus 18.2.2. Constituents of Nuclei 18.2.3. Decay Equations and Conservation Laws 18.2.4. Conservation Laws Things to know for section 18.2 18.3. Half-Life and Activity 18.3.1. Half-Life: t[1/2] 18.3.2. Activity: The Rate of Decay 18.3.4. The Half-Life Equation 18.3.5. Major Effects of Ionizing Radiation at the Cellular Level 18.3.6. Rads and Rems 18.3.7. Biological Hazards 18.3.8. Background Radiation 18.3.9. Radiation Protection 18.3.10. Diagnostic Uses of Ionizing Radiation 18.3.11. Therapeutic Uses of Ionizing Radiation Things to know for section 18 Questions Problems Appendix A: Mathematical Review A.1. Simple Guidelines for Solving Algebraic Equations A.2. Measurement, Accuracy, and Significant Figures A.2.1 Significant Figures A.3. Exponents A.4. Scientific Notation and Powers of 10 A.5. Logarithms Appendix B: Units and Conversion Factors Appendix C: Periodic Table of the Elements Appendix D: Selected Radioactive Isotopes* Appendix E: Important Constants and Other Data Appendix F: Answers to All Odd and Some Even Problems