The Handbook of Salutogenesis

Description

This open access book is a thorough update and expansion of the 2017 edition of The Handbook of Salutogenesis, responding to the rapidly growing salutogenesis research and application arena. Revised and updated from the first edition are background and historical chapters that trace the development of the salutogenic model of health and flesh out the central concepts, most notably generalized resistance resources and the sense of coherence that differentiate salutogenesis from pathogenesis. From there, experts describe a range of real-world applications within and outside health contexts. Many new chapters emphasize intervention research findings. Readers will find numerous practical examples of how to implement salutogenesis to enhance the health and well-being of families, infants and young children, adolescents, unemployed young people, pre-retirement adults, and older people. A dedicated section addresses how salutogenesis helps tackle vulnerability, with chapters on at-risk children, migrants, prisoners, emergency workers, and disaster-stricken communities.  Wide-ranging coverage includes new topics beyond health, like intergroup conflict, politics and policy-making, and architecture.  The book also focuses on applying salutogenesis in birth and neonatal care clinics, hospitals and primary care, schools and universities, workplaces, and towns and cities. A special section focuses on developments in salutogenesis methods and theory. With its comprehensive coverage, The Handbook of Salutogenesis, 2nd Edition, is the standard reference for researchers, practitioners, and health policy-makers who wish to have a thorough grounding in the topic. It is also written to support post-graduate education courses and self-study in public health, nursing, psychology, medicine, and social sciences.  Foreword Preface Reference Acknowledgments Contents Editors and Contributors Editors Contributors Part I: Salutogenesis from Its Origins to the Present 1: Salutogenesis From Its Origins to the Present 2: Mileposts in the Development of Salutogenesis First Encounter My Understanding of “Salutogenesis” Before Antonovsky A Chronology of Key Developments After 1996 Conclusion References 3: Salutogenesis as a Theory, as an Orientation and as the Sense of Coherence Introduction The Salutogenic Model Salutogenesis as the Sense of Coherence The Salutogenic Orientation Salutogenesis in Companionship: Comparable Concepts and Developments Conclusions References 4: Aaron Antonovsky (1923–1994): The Personal, Ideological, and Intellectual Genesis of Salutogenesis Introduction Rebellion and the Importance of Questions Warmth and Informality Versus Strictness and Academic Demands The Establishment of the Medical School and the “Beer Sheva Spirit” A Closure and New Horizons References 5: Aaron Antonovsky’s Development of Salutogenesis, 1979–1994 Introduction Stress Research: The Principal Note General Resistance Resources (GRRs): A Shift to Another Key Sense of Coherence (SOC): Successive Notes of the Scale Tuning the Model: General Resistance Resources—General Resistance Deficits Health and Well-Being: In or Off Key? Harmonizing: SMH’s Relevance for Health Promotion Conclusions References 6: Salutogenesis Meeting Places: The Global Working Group, the Center, and the Society on Salutogenesis Introduction Society for Theory and Research on Salutogenesis (STARS) Global Working Group on Salutogenesis (GWG-Sal) Center of Salutogenesis, University of Zürich Conclusion References 7: Salutogenesis Post-Graduate Education: Experience From the European Perspective on the ETC-PHHP Health Promotion Summer Schools (1991–2020) Introduction Competence Development The Summer School Programme Following the Principles of Health Promotion Salutogenesis Assets References Part II: Key Concepts in the Salutogenic Model of Health 8: Key Concepts in the Salutogenic Model of Health 9: The Sense of Coherence: The Concept and Its Relationship to Health Introduction The Ontological Background The Epistemological Background Health as a Process Generalized and Specific Resistance Resources Sense of Coherence Sense of Coherence and the Relationship to Health References 10: Stressor Appraisal on a Pathway to Health: The Role of the Sense of Coherence Introduction The Central Role of the Brain Stimulus and Stressor Appraisal on the Pathway to Health Primary Appraisal I Primary Appraisal II Primary Appraisal III Secondary Appraisal Tertiary Appraisal Discussion A Role for Health Promotion Moving Forward References 11: The Sense of Coherence: Measurement Issues Introduction The Validity and Reliability of the Sense of Coherence Critique of the SOC-29 and SOC-13 Sense of Coherence Develops Over Time Salutogenesis Is More than the Measurement of the Sense of Coherence References 12: Generalized Resistance Resources in the Salutogenic Model of Health Introduction Generalized Resistance Resources: The Individual Level Emotional Closeness and Attachment Relationships Personal Characteristics and Resources Individuals’ Social Support Genetic Factors Generalized Resistance Resources: The Family Level Parental Resources Families’ Demographic Resources Family Climate Factors Generalized Resistance Resources: The Community Level School Setting Community Feature Conclusions and Directions for Further Research and Interventions Selected GRR-RDs Clinical and Interventional Implications References 13: Specific Resistance Resources in the Salutogenic Model of Health Introduction The Salutogenic Model of Health Logic Specific Resistance Resources Definition of Specific Resistance Resources Examples of Specific Resistance Resources Health-Promoting Schools in Norway Child Health in the Andean Highlands in Peru Support Services for Orphaned Children and Adolescents in Botswana Sexual Orientation and Gender-Identity Support Services in the USA Non-institutional SRRs in Caregiving Dyads in Sweden Conclusion References Part III: The Sense of Coherence in the Life Course 14: The Sense of Coherence in the Life Course Introduction Childhood and Families Adolescence Transitions in Adulthood Older Age Enhancing the Sense of Coherence along the Life Span Knowledge, Gaps, and Perspectives References 15: Salutogenesis: Sense of Coherence in Childhood and Families Introduction Children’s Sense of Coherence Scale Studies on SOC During Childhood SOC and the Child’s Environments: Family, School, Peers, and Community The Relations Between Children’s SOC and Families’ Characteristics SOC as Predictor of Health and Health Behavior Parents’ SOC and Children’s Health Conclusions and Future Research Directions References 16: Salutogenesis and the Sense of Coherence During the Adolescent Years The Developmental Stage of Adolescence Studies of SOC During Adolescence Adaptations of the SOC Questionnaires The SOC Construct During Adolescence SOC, Health, Mental Health, and Psychosocial Behavior Ecological Contexts: Family, School, Peers, and Community Conclusions, Implications, and Directions for Future Research References 17: Salutogenesis and the Sense of Coherence in Young Adults Not in Education, Employment, or Training (NEET) Introduction Risk Factors and Risk Situations Being a Woman—Being at Risk for NEET Poor Health as Cause and Effect of NEET Situations Programs and Projects to Resolve an Unresolved Global Problem A Salutogenic Perspective on NEET Situations A 3-Year Peer-to-Peer Study to Understand Young Adults in NEET Situations Generalised and Specific Resistance Resources of Young Adults in NEET Situations Specific Resistance Resources (SRRs) and the Support System Discussion Future Questions and Developments References 18: Salutogenesis and the Sense of Coherence in Middle Adulthood Introduction Late Middle Age: Time for Stocktaking Particularities of the Sixth Decade of Life Gender The Biography as a Learning Process Life Stages and Life Tasks Learning in Crises: Continuity and Break Identity, SOC and Life Cycle Salutogenesis as Relationship-Related Health Development and Learning Process Case Study: ‘I Have Lost Sight of My Goal’ A Brief Characterization of the Encounters Health Goals and Biographical Development Tasks in the Course of the Review Dialogues The Body as Mediator Development of the SOC in the Life Course Discussion Double Birth: Constitution and Personalization Special Features of the Sixth Decade of Life Critical Life Events Identity, SOC and Life Cycle Development of the SOC References 19: Older People, Sense of Coherence and Community Introduction From Healthy Ageing to Salutogenic Ageing Life Course Perspective Sense of Coherence and Its Three Dimensions Development of the SOC in the Life Course. SOC Contributes to Ageing Well GRRs and SRRs for Older People The Community Ageing in the Community Discussion and Implications for Salutogenic Research References 20: Effectiveness of Interventions to Enhance the Sense of Coherence in the Life Course Introduction The Theory of Salutogenesis and Interventions Methods Data Searches Definition of the Criteria for Salutogenic Interventions Findings Search Outcomes The SOC as the Outcome of the Studies: The Extent of Salutogenic Content in the Intervention and the Development of the SOC Young People Occupational Health/Unemployed People Health Professionals People with Disabilities, Psychosomatic, and Mental Health Problems People with Physical Problems and Hospital Patients Elderly People Interventions on Other Topics Discussion The Extent of Salutogenic Content in the Interventions of the Different Studies Change and Development of the SOC in Different Life Situations The Effect on Participants’ SOC According to the Interventions’ Salutogenic Orientation Strengths and Limitations Implications for Further Research Conclusion References Part IV: Salutogenesis Beyond Health 21: Salutogenesis beyond Health Reference 22: Salutogenesis Beyond Health: Intergroup Relations and Conflict Studies Introduction Dilemmas in Broadening Salutogenesis into an Interdisciplinary Framework Toward Exploring Salutogenic Questions in an Interdisciplinary Framework Sense of Coherence: From the Individual to the Collective Concept Sense of Community Coherence Sense of National Coherence Salutogenesis and the COVID-19 Pandemic: Sociopolitical Considerations References 23: Positive Psychology and Its Relation to Salutogenesis Introduction Positive Psychology and Salutogenesis Sense of Coherence and Positive Psychology A Salutogenic Positive Psychology Conclusion References 24: The Application of Salutogenesis in Politics and Public Policy-Making Introduction Politics and Policies Linking Salutogenesis and Public Policy-Making Salutogenesis as a Global Orientation Towards Positive Outcomes and Resources Experiences from Various Settings From ‘Wicked Problems’ to ‘Healthy Societies’? Politics and Policy Coherence Horizontal Coherence: Collaboration and Cooperation Vertical Policy Coherence: From a Decision to Implementation Concluding Remarks References 25: The Application of Salutogenesis for Social Support and Participation: Toward Fostering Active and Engaged Aging at Home Introduction Salutogenesis and Older Adults Social Support and Participation Social Isolation and Loneliness Environment and Salutogenesis for an Active and Engaged Aging at Home Aging in Place Policies and Programs Fostering Mobility and Social Support Policies Programs Opportunities and Challenges Related to Planning and Evaluation Conclusion References 26: Salutogenic Architecture Introduction Limitations of Previous Theories Linking Aesthetic Design and Health Overview of Salutogenic Theory and its Relevance to Architecture Relationships Between General Resistance Resources and Stressors The Three SOC-Related Categories of Generalised Resistance Resources Aesthetics of the Built Environment Influencing Health Promoting Manageability, Comprehensibility and Meaningfulness in Architecture Manageability in Architecture Comprehensibility in Architecture Meaningfulness in Architecture Design for the Greater Good Setting the Stage for Positive Narratives Embodying Meaningful Symbolic Expressions Providing for Meaningful Engagement Design for Positive Choices Discussion Challenges for the Future References Part V: Salutogenesis in Health Promoting Settings: Organisations, Communities and Environments 27: Salutogenesis in Health Promoting Settings: A Synthesis Across Organizations, Communities, and Environments Introduction Application of Salutogenesis in the Chapters in Part V Overall Conceptual Relationships between Everyday Settings and Salutogenesis Interrelationships between Settings from a Salutogenic Perspective Dynamics of the Development, Depletion, and Restoration of GRRs and SOC Consider Positive Health Outcomes and a Path of Positive Health Development Social Relationships in Settings: Group-Level SOC in Settings Inclusion and Equity Perspective Salutogenesis Guiding Coherent Interventions in Settings Conclusions for Future Research and Practice References 28: Applying Salutogenesis in Organisations Introduction Introducing the Key Idea of Organisational Health Development Context: The Growing Significance of Organisations for Health Implications for Practice and Research Organisational Health Research Explicitly Related to Salutogenesis Broader Organisational Health Research Aligned with the Salutogenic Orientation Previous Conceptualisations of Organisational Health Emergence of the Organisational Health Development (OHD) Model Rooted in Salutogenesis The OHD Model as a Specification and Expansion of the Salutogenic Model State of Intervention Approaches to Improve Organisational Health OHD Model Guiding Capacity-Building in Practice Capacity-Building for OHD: Relationship to the Salutogenic Model Conclusions for Future Research and Practice Future Challenges References 29: Applying Salutogenesis in Schools Introduction Salutogenesis and the Sense of Coherence A Health Promoting School Salutogenesis and Schools Relations between School, Sense of Coherence, and Young People’s Health Health Promoting Schools and a Salutogenic Orientation The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child Model Shape Up as a Salutogenic Health Promotion Project Relations Between HPS and Young People’s Health and Learning Discussion and Conclusions Future Challenges References 30: Applying Salutogenesis in Higher Education Introduction Promoting Health and Well-Being in the University Setting: An Overview Conceptualising Health Promoting Universities: A Salutogenic Whole System Approach Empirical Research on Health Promoting Universities Research Relating to Salutogenesis and Universities Promoting Health and Well-Being in the University Setting: Emerging Challenges and Responses Discussion Conclusion and Challenges for the Future References 31: Applying Salutogenesis in the Workplace Introduction General Resistance Resources and Sense of Coherence in the Context of Work Cultural Context Practice Context Research on the Role of Sense of Coherence at Work Job Demands, Control, and Support—A Salutogenic Pathway The Job Demands-Resources (JD-R) Model Viewed Through the Lens of Salutogenesis Adding Salutogenesis: The JD-R Health Model The Dynamics of Job Resources The Role of Sense of Coherence in the Salutogenic and Pathogenic Pathways Work-SoC: Measuring Coherent Work Experiences Meaningfulness and Work Job Crafting: From Reacting to Acting Self-Tuning: Promoting and Protecting a Meaningful Work-Life Pathogenic and Salutogenic Health Measures in the Context of Workplace Health Promotion Making Salutogenesis Visible The ARK Intervention Programme: A Salutogenic Focus in Academic Institutions Discussion Challenges for the Future References 32: Salutogenesis and Mental Health Promotion in Military Settings Introduction How I Ended Up with Salutogenesis in Military Settings, and Some Moral Reflections on Their Relationship A Pathogenic Perspective: Impact of Military Service on Mental Distress A Salutogenic Perspective: The Relationship Between Military Service and Mental Health Mental Fitness Versus Resilience The Mental Fitness Branch in the IDF and Its Salutogenic Interventions Training Techniques for Combat Soldiers Mental Preparation of First Responders and Exposed Populations Enhancing Mental Fitness in the Military of the United States, Australia, and Germany Empirical Research on SOC and Mental Health in Military Settings The Growing Awareness of SOC in the IDF Some Insights and Recommendations Epilogue References 33: The Application of Salutogenesis in Communities and Neighborhoods Introduction Community Intervention Approaches Locality Development Assets Orientation Community Organizing Communities as Complex Social Systems Link Between Healthy Communities and Salutogenesis Communities and Neighborhoods Current Literature on Salutogenesis, Community, and Neighborhood Community as a Place to Live Green Spaces and Contact to Nature Connectedness Community as Social Action Current Research: Interventions Community as a Place Place-Related Design Principles Connected Communities Social Community Action Synergies Between Improving Place, Connectedness, and Community Action and the Wider Determinants of Health Implications for Salutogenic Practice Implications for Salutogenic Research Challenges for the Future References 34: Applying Salutogenesis in Towns and Cities Introduction Key Concepts and Cultural, Practice and Research Contexts Salutogenesis and the Urban Environment Environmental Justice The Healthy City Network Infrastructure and Transport Active Travel Green Spaces, Recreation and Physical Activity Sense of Place Links Between Environmental Resources, Place and Salutogenesis Research on Interventions Evaluations of the Healthy City Network Walkability: An Example of the Need for Cross-Sector Collaboration Over Time Procedural Environmental Justice and Inclusive Planning at the Local Level Discussion Implications for Salutogenesis Practice Implications for Salutogenesis Research References 35: The Restorative Environment and Salutogenesis: Complementary Concepts Revisited Introduction Key Concepts Resources Antecedent Condition for Restoration The Restorative Environment Constrained Restoration Key Cultural, Practice and Research Contexts Natural and Urban Environments Residential Environments Healthcare Environments Theoretical and Empirical Research Basic Theory and Research on Restorative Processes Psychophysiological Stress Recovery Theory Attention Restoration Theory Social Aspects of Restorative Experience Insights from Behaviour Setting Theory A Theory of Collective Restoration Research on Interventions Discussion of Implications Implications for Salutogenesis Research Implications for Salutogenesis Practice Challenges for the Future References Part VI: Applying Salutogenesis in Healthcare Settings 36: Applying Salutogenesis in Healthcare Settings The Challenge of Integrating Salutogenesis into Health Care What Does Salutogenesis Specifically Mean for Health Care? Overview of Chap. 37, the Application of Salutogenesis in Hospitals, by Christina Dietscher, Ulrike Winter, and Jürgen M. Pelikan Overview of Chap. 38, Applying Salutogenesis in Primary Health Care, by Daniela Rojatz, Peter Nowak, Ottomar Bahrs, and Jürgen M. Pelikan Overview of Chap. 39, Applying Salutogenesis in Mental Healthcare Settings, by Eva Langeland and Hege Forbech Vinje Overview of Chap. 40, Applying Salutogenesis in Vocational Rehabilitation Settings, by Monica Lillefjell, Ruca Maass, and Camilla Ihlebæk Overview of Chap. 41, Applying Salutogenesis in Residential Care Settings, by Viktoria Quehenberger and Karl Krajic Overview of Chap. 42, Applying Salutogenesis in Midwifery Practice, by Sally Muggleton and Deborah Davis Overview of Chap. 43, the Application of Salutogenesis in Birth, Neonatal, and Infant Care Settings, by Soo Downe, Shefaly Shorey, Claudia Meier Magistretti, and Bengt Lindström Overview of Chap. 44, Applying Salutogenesis in Community-Wide Mental Health Promotion, by Vibeke Koushede and Robert Donovan References 37: The Application of Salutogenesis in Hospitals Introduction A General Salutogenic Orientation on Hospitals Sense of Coherence Developing Organizational Capacities for Salutogenesis Research on Salutogenesis as Applied to Hospitals Salutogenesis in Relation to Hospital Patients Which Concepts of Salutogenesis Are Referred to? The SOC in Relation to Physical Symptoms The SOC in Relation to Mental Symptoms, Quality of Life, and Patient Satisfaction The SOC, Adjustment to Disease, Self-Management, and Adherence to Treatment The SOC and Social Outcomes The SOC and Positive Health The SOC in Relation to Gender, Age, and Socioeconomic Status The SOC in Relation to Patients’ Family Members Salutogenesis in General and the Salutogenic Model Salutogenesis and Impacts of the Hospital Setting on Patients Implications for Salutogenic Patient-Oriented Interventions Using the SOC as a Diagnostic Tool Adapting Treatment Schemes Supporting Self-Care and Self-Management Supporting Caring Relatives Improving the Impact of Hospital Functioning on Salutogenesis Salutogenic Interventions by Different Healthcare Professions Salutogenesis in Relation to Hospital Staff Implications for Occupational Health in Hospitals Salutogenesis and Health-Promoting Hospitals (HPHs) Conceptual and Practical Links Between HPH and Salutogenesis Discussion and Conclusions A General Salutogenic Orientation and the Salutogenic Model The Sense of Coherence Which Intervention Approaches Are Suggested for Whom? Needs for Further Research Limitations References 38: The Application of Salutogenesis in Primary Care Introduction Defining Key Terms: Primary Care and Salutogenesis Primary Care Salutogenesis as an Orientation, a Model, and the Sense of Coherence Salutogenesis and Its Relevance to Primary Care Salutogenesis and Primary Care in Policy, Research and Practice Policy: Approaching Salutogenic Primary Care by Relating it to Public Health and Health Promotion Research: Application of Salutogenesis in Primary Care Salutogenesis as an Orientation Salutogenesis as a Model SOC as an Outcome Measure Practice: Piloting the Application of Health Promotion and Salutogenesis in Primary Care Application of Salutogenesis in Primary Care Practice: Review Dialogue Applying Health Orientation and Salutogenesis to Primary Care: Piloting a Comprehensive Approach Macro-level Meso-level Micro-level Application of Salutogenesis Lessons for Implementation Conclusions References 39: Applying Salutogenesis in Mental Healthcare Settings Introduction Mental Health and Mental Health Challenges Applying Salutogenesis in Mental Healthcare Settings Salutogenic Talk Therapy Other Perspectives on Salutogenesis and Therapy Social Support Salutogenic Self-Identity Conclusion References 40: Applying Salutogenesis in Vocational Rehabilitation Settings Introduction Descriptive Research Intervention Research Discussion Implications for Salutogenesis Research Challenges for the Future References 41: Applying Salutogenesis in Residential Care Settings Introduction Residential Aged Care Salutogenesis Salutogenesis and Its Relevance in Residential Care Settings The Current State of Research Descriptive Research Intervention Research Discussion: Implications and Challenges Conclusions References 42: Applying Salutogenesis in Midwifery Practice Introduction Can Midwifery Practice Be Salutogenic? Salutogenesis and Midwifery Research Childbirth Education Salutary Childbirth Education Program Sense of Coherence Manageability Comprehensibility Meaningfulness Resistance Resources The Study Findings Discussion Conclusion References 43: The Application of Salutogenesis in Birth, Neonatal, and Infant Care Settings Introduction Salutogenesis and Maternity Care Salutogenic Approaches to Neonatal and Infant Service Provision Salutogenesis and Attachment in Infancy The Nature and Impact of Early Support Strengthening the SOC in Families Access to Early Education Offers Coherence and Early Support Discussion Research Gaps and Future Direction Conclusion References 44: Applying Salutogenesis in Community-Wide Mental Health Promotion Introduction The Mental Health Ease–Disease Continuum Campaign Origins The ABC Message How Act-Belong-Commit Operates in Western Australia How the ABCs of Mental Health Operates in Denmark Adaptation and Implementation of the ABCs of Mental Health in Denmark Organisation of the ABCs of Mental Health Act-Belong-Commit/ABCs of Mental Health in Communities and Cities References Part VII: Salutogenesis in Challenging Social Circumstances and Environments 45: Salutogenesis in Challenging Social Circumstances and Environments Introduction Conclusions Reference 46: The Salutogenic Approach to Childcare in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Focus on Children Who Thrive in the Face of Adversity Introduction Childcare and Resources for Care The Importance of Context Children Who Thrive: Why It Matters Salutogenesis in Childcare: Why It Matters in SSA Salutogenic Research Examples in SSA A Salutogenic Approach to Childcare: Examples from Poor Urban Settings A Health System’s Strengthening Intervention Targeting Mothers, Neonates and Children A Subsidised Daycare Programme for the Urban Poor A School Health and Nutrition Programme in Poor Urban Settings Conclusions and Future Research Directions References 47: Salutogenesis and Migration Introduction Salutogenesis and Voluntary Migration Internal Voluntary Migration External Labour Migration External Migration for Education Salutogenesis and Forced Migration Salutogenesis and Internally Displaced Persons Salutogenesis and Refugees Health Promotion Interventions for Migrants How Does Salutogenesis Contribute to Research with Refugees? References 48: Salutogenic Approaches to Dementia Care Introduction Zeisel’s Hope Versus Despair Model Design Approaches: How They Can Help? Unobtrusive Control of Exits to Dangerous Places Walking Paths with Clear Destinations Common Space Differentiation Private Spaces and Personalisation Access to Accommodating Secure Gardens Nature and Internal Clocks Residential Quality Comprehensible Sensory Environment Support for Independence Support Verbal Communication with Non-verbal Communication Choices, 24 Hours a Day How Improving the Comprehensibility SRR Supports Manageability and Meaningfulness Salutogenic Design for Treatment, Not Management Bibliography 49: Salutogenesis as a Framework for Social Recovery After Disaster Introduction What Happened on July 6, 2013, and How Was Public Health Involved Initially? Quantitative Methods in Addressing Challenging Environments: Monitoring the Psychosocial Impacts of Disasters Qualitative Methods in Addressing Challenging Environments: Asset Mapping and Co-construction of an Action Plan After Disasters A Community Outreach Team, Based on a Multilevel Approach Promising Initiatives to Mobilize the Local Community in a Post-disaster Landscape Concrete Examples of Promising Initiatives Photovoice Ephemeral Place Lessons Learned from a Citizen’s Perspective Long-Term Trends in Psychosocial Outcomes Following a Disaster Conclusion References 50: Salutogenesis and the Mental Health of First Responders Introduction Mental Hazards in the Work of First Responders A Mental Efforts Scale as an Aid in Preparing FRs for Coping with Mental Challenges: Proposing a Salutogenic Mental Fitness Model Summary and Recommendations References 51: Salutogenesis in Prison Introduction The Pathogenic Approach Towards Prison Health Policy and Practice The Shift Towards Salutogenesis What Makes People Healthy in Prison? Empowerment and Salutogenesis in Prison Conclusion References Part VIII: Salutogenesis Theory and Methods: Developments, Innovations and Next Steps 52: Salutogenesis Theory and Methods: Developments, Innovations and Next Steps Theoretical Issues in the Further Development of the SOC Construct Qualitative Approaches to the Study of the SOC Promoting Salutogenic Capacity in Health Professionals The Digital Lifeworld and Salutogenesis Salutogenesis for Thriving Societies 53: Theoretical Issues in the Further Development of the Sense of Coherence Construct Introduction A Brief Overview of the Salutogenic Model and the Sense of Coherence Construct Some Issues for Future Research on the Sense of Coherence Construct The Dimensionality of the SOC Scale SOC as the Causal Variable SOC as the Outcome Variable General SOC and Domain-Specific SOC The Concept of Boundary in the Measurement of SOC The Dichotomization and Trichotomization of SOC The Importance of Relating SOC to Salutogenic Outcomes Measures Additional Issues of Various Kinds Conclusions References 54: Qualitative Approaches to the Study of the Sense of Coherence Introduction Qualitative Versus Quantitative Research Method Data Analysis Results Category (a): Studies Which Were Specifically Designed to Measure SOC and Its Components Category (b): Salutogenic Studies Which Attempted to Identify SOC Components or GRRs or Interpret the Findings in Terms of SOC Category (c): Studies Which Were Not Conducted Within a Salutogenic Framework, but in Effect Have Retrospectively Measured SOC or Its Components Category (d): Studies Which Had Salutogenesis as Their Starting Point, or a Theoretical Framework of Health Promotion, but Did Not Measure SOC Discussion Conclusions Epilogue Appendix References 55: Promoting Salutogenic Capacity in Health Professionals Introduction Teaching Salutogenesis in Different Settings Example 1 Teaching Salutogenesis to Health Promotion Generalists Individual Essay: Stress and Coping Narrative in Light of Salutogenesis Group Assignment, the Task Is Twofold Knowledge Skills General Competence Example 2: Teaching Group Leaders of Salutogenic Talk-Therapy Groups Example 3: Students Practicing Participatory Methods in the Salutogenic Way Example 4: Towards a More Salutogenic Approach in Child HealthCare Services Educational Programme, Day 1 Educational Programme, Day 2 Teaching by Doing and Teaching by Being Different Logics, Knowing Them, and the Skill of Toggling Between Them Self-Tuning for Building Salutogenic Capacity Teaching Reflection Teaching Introspection and Sensibility Summing Up References 56: The Digital Lifeworld and Salutogenesis Introduction The Digital Lifeworld Formally Defined The Origins, History and Trajectory of the Digital Lifeworld: From Information Technology to a New Lifeworld of Social Interaction The Emergence of the Digital Lifeworld as Important in the Salutogenic Model of Health The Digital Lifeworld as a Source of GRRs The Digital Lifeworld as a Source of SRRs The SOC Balancing New Information The SOC as a Factor in Coping with the Digital Lifeworld The Digital Lifeworld as a Setting for Health Promotion: An Example in the Health Promotion Arena of Tobacco Control An Example of Decision Support for Low-Cadre Health Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa Conclusions and Future Directions References 57: Salutogenesis for Thriving Societies Introduction Theory Development Applying the Salutogenic Model Capacity Building The COVID-19 Crisis: Relevance for the Vision of Salutogenesis for Thriving Societies Salutogenesis for Thriving Societies References Index