Clinical Algorithms in General Surgery: A Practical Guide

Description

As the field of general surgery continues to expand, the diagnostic and therapeutic pathways are becoming more complex. The diagnostic modalities available to the clinician can be both very helpful but also overwhelming considering the findings can often determine the scope of treatment for a patient. This text will take the major pathologies of the systems commonly studied in general surgery and present them in a unique format based upon algorithms. The algorithms will begin with the clinical presentation of the patient, work its way through the various diagnostic modalities available to the surgeon, and finally allow the physician to make a decision regarding treatment options based upon various patterns in the algorithms. This text will become a very useful resources for surgeons as it allows complex clinical pathways to be conveniently organized in logical algorithms. It will become a concise yet comprehensive manual to assist in clinical decision making. All algorithms will be reviewed by experts in their field and include the most up-to-date clinical and evidence-based information. Clinical Algorithms in General Surgery provides a useful resource for surgeons in clinical practice as well as surgical residents, and surgical attendings who are preparing for board examinations. See sample algorithm in Attachments. Front Matter ....Pages i-xxxii Front Matter ....Pages 1-1 Management of Cutaneous Melanoma (Julie A. DiSano, Colette R. Pameijer)....Pages 3-4 Basal Cell Carcinoma (Julie A. DiSano, Colette R. Pameijer)....Pages 5-6 Squamous Cell Carcinoma (Julie A. DiSano, Colette R. Pameijer)....Pages 7-8 Management of Soft Tissue Sarcoma (Julie A. DiSano, Colette R. Pameijer)....Pages 9-10 Necrotizing Soft Tissue Infection (Julie A. DiSano, Colette R. Pameijer)....Pages 11-13 Front Matter ....Pages 15-15 Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Oropharynx (Laila Siddique, Tom Shokri, Neerav Goyal)....Pages 17-19 Evaluation of Neck Mass (Tom Shokri, Laila Siddique, Neerav Goyal)....Pages 21-23 Evaluation of an Enlarged Cervical Lymph Node (Laila Siddique, Tom Shokri, Neerav Goyal)....Pages 25-27 Salivary Gland Tumors (Tom Shokri, Laila Siddique, Neerav Goyal)....Pages 29-31 Front Matter ....Pages 33-33 Massive Hemoptysis (Henry Tannous, Joanna Chikwe, Maroun B. Yammine)....Pages 35-37 Mediastinal Masses (Henry Tannous, Joanna Chikwe, Maroun B. Yammine)....Pages 39-41 Tracheal Stenosis (Henry Tannous, Joanna Chikwe, Maroun B. Yammine)....Pages 43-45 Incidental Lung Nodule (Henry Tannous, Joanna Chikwe, Maroun B. Yammine)....Pages 47-49 Management of Lung Cancer (Scott C. Tiedebohl, Matthew D. Taylor)....Pages 51-53 Management of Empyema (Shannon R. Kotch, Matthew D. Taylor)....Pages 55-57 Management of Spontaneous Pneumothorax (Shannon R. Kotch, Matthew D. Taylor)....Pages 59-61 Thoracoabdominal Aortic Aneurysm (Albert G. Pavalonis, Anil Hingorani)....Pages 63-66 Front Matter ....Pages 67-67 Nipple Discharge (Anjali R. Thawani, Lillian M. Erdahl)....Pages 69-72 Breast Mass Evaluation (Anjali R. Thawani, Lillian M. Erdahl)....Pages 73-76 Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (Anjali R. Thawani, Lillian M. Erdahl)....Pages 77-80 Lobular Carcinoma In Situ (Anjali R. Thawani, Lillian M. Erdahl)....Pages 81-84 Enlarged Axillary Lymph Node (Zeynep Bostanci, Laura Kruper)....Pages 85-86 Metastatic Breast Cancer (Zeynep Bostanci, Laura Kruper)....Pages 87-89 Recurrent Breast Cancer (Zeynep Bostanci, Laura Kruper)....Pages 91-94 Paget’s Disease (Zeynep Bostanci, Laura Kruper)....Pages 95-96 Locoregional Recurrence of Breast Cancer (Jessica C. Gooch, Freya Schnabel)....Pages 97-100 Metastatic Breast Cancer (Jessica C. Gooch, Freya Schnabel)....Pages 101-104 Inflammatory Breast Cancer (Jessica C. Gooch, Freya Schnabel)....Pages 105-108 Breast Reconstruction (Jessica C. Gooch, Freya Schnabel)....Pages 109-112 Management of Male Breast Cancer (Jessica C. Gooch, Freya Schnabel)....Pages 113-116 Front Matter ....Pages 117-117 Management of Esophageal Motility Disorders (Anthony R. Tascone, Caitlin A. Halbert)....Pages 119-121 Management of Achalasia (Anthony R. Tascone, Caitlin A. Halbert)....Pages 123-125 Barrett’s Esophagitis (Caitlin A. Halbert, Anthony R. Tascone)....Pages 127-128 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Caitlin A. Halbert, Anthony R. Tascone)....Pages 129-132 Hiatal Hernia (Wanda Lam, Ruel Neupane, Jeffrey M. Marks)....Pages 133-134 Esophageal Carcinoma (Ruel Neupane, Wanda Lam, Jeffrey M. Marks)....Pages 135-137 Esophageal Perforation (Ruel Neupane, Wanda Lam, Jeffrey M. Marks)....Pages 139-141 Acidic and Basic Injuries (Wanda Lam, Ruel Neupane, Jeffrey M. Marks)....Pages 143-145 Front Matter ....Pages 147-147 Gastric Ulcer Management (Maria S. Altieri, Konstantinos Spaniolas)....Pages 149-152 Duodenal Ulcer Management (Maria S. Altieri, Konstantinos Spaniolas)....Pages 153-156 Complications of Peptic Ulcer Disease (Carl J. Dickler, Konstantinos Spaniolas)....Pages 157-160 Management of Recurrent Peptic Ulcer Disease (Carl J. Dickler, Konstantinos Spaniolas)....Pages 161-163 Management of Gastric Cancer (Christina L. Wolchok, Georgios V. Georgakis)....Pages 165-167 Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (Igor G. Elyash)....Pages 169-170 Management of Upper Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage (Igor G. Elyash)....Pages 171-172 Front Matter ....Pages 173-173 Small Bowel Obstruction (Ryan M. Juza, Vamsi V. Alli)....Pages 175-179 Small Bowel Tumors (Vamsi V. Alli, Ryan M. Juza)....Pages 181-184 Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumors (Michele A. Riordon, Calvin H. L. Law)....Pages 185-190 Management of Enterocutaneous Fistulas (Maria Michailidou)....Pages 191-194 Management of Crohn’s Disease (Igor G. Elyash)....Pages 195-196 Management of Postoperative Ileus (Igor G. Elyash)....Pages 197-198 Management of Gallstone Ileus (Igor G. Elyash)....Pages 199-200 Management of Short Bowel Syndrome (Igor G. Elyash)....Pages 201-202 Front Matter ....Pages 203-203 Management of Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding (Audrey S. Kulaylat, David B. Stewart Jr.)....Pages 205-207 Management of Diverticulitis (Audrey S. Kulaylat, David B. Stewart Jr.)....Pages 209-212 Management of Large Bowel Obstruction (Audrey S. Kulaylat, David B. Stewart Jr.)....Pages 213-215 Management of Colonic Pseudo-Obstruction (Audrey S. Kulaylat, David B. Stewart Jr.)....Pages 217-219 Management of Colonic Volvulus (Audrey S. Kulaylat, David B. Stewart Jr.)....Pages 221-223 Appendicitis (Kristen T. Crowell, Evangelos Messaris)....Pages 225-228 Ulcerative Colitis (Kristen T. Crowell, Evangelos Messaris)....Pages 229-232 Crohn’s Colitis (Maria Michailidou, Evangelos Messaris)....Pages 233-236 Ischemic Colitis (William Sangster, Evangelos Messaris)....Pages 237-240 Clostridium difficile Colitis (Kristen T. Crowell, Evangelos Messaris)....Pages 241-242 Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Syndromes (Emily Huang, Michael F. McGee)....Pages 243-250 Colorectal Polyps (Emily Huang, Michael F. McGee)....Pages 251-254 Colon Cancer (Emily Huang, Michael F. McGee)....Pages 255-259 Front Matter ....Pages 261-261 Rectal Prolapse (Quinton Morrow Hatch, Eric K. Johnson)....Pages 263-268 Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome (John Kuckelman, Eric K. Johnson)....Pages 269-274 Rectal Cancer (Quinton Morrow Hatch, Eric K. Johnson)....Pages 275-282 Rectovaginal Fistula (John Kuckelman, Eric K. Johnson)....Pages 283-288 Management of Hemorrhoids (Matthew Z. Wilson, Joseph R. Notaro)....Pages 289-291 Management of Anal Fissure (Matthew Z. Wilson, Kirsten Bass Wilkins)....Pages 293-295 Management of Perianal Abscess and Fistula-in-Ano (Matthew Z. Wilson, Bertram T. Chinn)....Pages 297-299 Management of Anal Cancer (Matthew Z. Wilson, Kirsten Bass Wilkins)....Pages 301-302 Management of Fecal Incontinence (Matthew Z. Wilson, Suraj Alva)....Pages 303-304 Front Matter ....Pages 305-305 Evaluation of Liver Nodule (Katelin A. Mirkin, Niraj J. Gusani)....Pages 307-311 Cystic Diseases of the Liver (Laura M. Enomoto, Niraj J. Gusani)....Pages 313-318 Management of Benign Liver Masses (Katelin A. Mirkin, Niraj J. Gusani)....Pages 319-321 Hepatic Abscess (Jasvinder Singh, Niraj J. Gusani)....Pages 323-326 Malignant Liver Tumors (Metastatic Liver Disease) (Neal M. Mineyev, Karla M. Chaffee, Joyce Wong)....Pages 327-330 Diagnosis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (Neal M. Mineyev, Karla M. Chaffee, Joyce Wong)....Pages 331-334 Diagnosis and Management of Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (Neal M. Mineyev, Karla M. Chaffee, Joyce Wong)....Pages 335-338 Portal Hypertension and Shunting (Neal M. Mineyev, Karla M. Chaffee, Joyce Wong)....Pages 339-342 Front Matter ....Pages 343-343 Acute Cholecystitis and Biliary Colic (Chanak J. Chantachote, Samer Sbayi)....Pages 345-348 Acalculous Cholecystitis (Chanak J. Chantachote, Samer Sbayi)....Pages 349-350 Postcholecystectomy (Chanak J. Chantachote, Samer Sbayi)....Pages 351-354 Management of Postcholecystectomy Cholangitis (Joel VanderVelde, Ross F. Goldberg)....Pages 355-356 Management of Choledocholithiasis (Joel VanderVelde, Ross F. Goldberg)....Pages 357-358 Acute Cholangitis (Joel VanderVelde, Ross F. Goldberg)....Pages 359-360 Cholangiocarcinoma (Zachary J. Senders, John B. Ammori, Jeffrey M. Hardacre)....Pages 361-364 Diagnosis and Management of Gallbladder Cancer (Joshua L. Lyons, John B. Ammori, Jeffrey M. Hardacre)....Pages 365-368 Choledochal Cysts (Shreya Gupta, Jeffrey M. Hardacre, John B. Ammori)....Pages 369-371 Cholecystectomy of the Pregnant Patient (Avi Hameroff, Jaimey M. Pauli)....Pages 373-375 Front Matter ....Pages 377-377 Acute Pancreatitis (Kayla M. Hartz, Jennifer Maranki)....Pages 379-382 Chronic Pancreatitis (Kayla M. Hartz, Jennifer Maranki)....Pages 383-385 Pancreas Divisum (Kayla M. Hartz, Jennifer Maranki)....Pages 387-389 Walled-Off Pancreatic Fluid Collections (Kayla M. Hartz, Jennifer Maranki)....Pages 391-393 Periampullary Carcinoma (Heidi N. Overton, Matthew J. Weiss)....Pages 395-398 Management of Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms (Jonathan G. Sham, Matthew J. Weiss)....Pages 399-401 Pancreatic Necrosis (Ammar Asrar Javed, Matthew J. Weiss)....Pages 403-406 Front Matter ....Pages 407-407 Management of Splenic Abscess (Andrew T. Bates, Michael G. Svestka)....Pages 409-411 Atraumatic Indications for Splenectomy (Maria S. Altieri, Andrew T. Bates)....Pages 413-416 Front Matter ....Pages 417-417 Hypothyroidism (Lukasz Czerwonka)....Pages 419-421 Hyperthyroidism (Ewen Chao, Lukasz Czerwonka)....Pages 423-425 Thyroiditis (Lukasz Czerwonka)....Pages 427-429 Goiter (Lukasz Czerwonka)....Pages 431-433 Thyroid Nodule (Melissa Boltz)....Pages 435-437 Thyroid Cancer (Melissa Boltz)....Pages 439-441 Hyperparathyroidism (Melissa Boltz)....Pages 443-446 Front Matter ....Pages 447-447 Cushing’s Syndrome and Disease (Edwina Moore, Vikram D. Krishnamurthy)....Pages 449-451 Primary Hyperaldosteronism (Conn’s Syndrome) (Iuliana Bobanga, Cassandre Bénay, Vikram D. Krishnamurthy)....Pages 453-455 Glucagonoma (Talia Burneikis, Vikram D. Krishnamurthy)....Pages 457-459 Management of Pheochromocytoma (Hadley E. Ritter, Benjamin C. James)....Pages 461-464 Management of Aldosteronoma (Hadley E. Ritter, Benjamin C. James)....Pages 465-467 Management of Gastrinoma (Rachel E. Simpson, Benjamin C. James)....Pages 469-472 Management of Insulinoma (Rachel E. Simpson, Benjamin C. James)....Pages 473-475 Management of Somatostatinoma (Rachel E. Simpson, Benjamin C. James)....Pages 477-479 Management of VIPoma (Rachel E. Simpson, Benjamin C. James)....Pages 481-483 Front Matter ....Pages 485-485 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (Christopher J. McLaughlin, Rachel E. Hanke, Robert E. Cilley)....Pages 487-490 Tracheoesophageal Fistula (Rachel E. Hanke, Morgan K. Moroi, Robert E. Cilley)....Pages 491-494 Other Diaphragmatic Hernias: Late-Presenting Bochdalek Hernia, Morgagni Hernia, and Giant Hiatal Hernia of Infancy (Morgan K. Moroi, Christopher J. McLaughlin, Robert E. Cilley)....Pages 495-498 Duodenal Obstruction in Newborns (Abdulraouf Y. Lamoshi, Sophia Abdulhai, Todd A. Ponsky)....Pages 499-500 Small Intestinal Atresia (Abdulraouf Y. Lamoshi, Sophia Abdulhai, Todd A. Ponsky)....Pages 501-503 Management of Malrotation (Sophia Abdulhai, Abdulraouf Y. Lamoshi, Todd A. Ponsky)....Pages 505-508 Management of Imperforate Anus (Sophia Abdulhai, Aaron Garrison)....Pages 509-511 Hirschsprung Disease (Rachel E. Hanke, Morgan K. Moroi, Kathryn Lynn Martin)....Pages 513-516 Pediatric Inguinal Hernia (Afif N. Kulaylat, Kathryn Lynn Martin)....Pages 517-520 Meconium Ileus (Kathryn Lynn Martin, Afif N. Kulaylat)....Pages 521-524 Pediatric Intussusception (Afif N. Kulaylat, Kathryn Lynn Martin)....Pages 525-528 Pyloric Stenosis (Dan W. Parrish, Jonathan H. DeAntonio, David A. Lanning)....Pages 529-532 Necrotizing Enterocolitis (Jonathan H. DeAntonio, Dan W. Parrish, David A. Lanning)....Pages 533-536 Omphalocele and Gastroschisis (Jonathan H. DeAntonio, Dan W. Parrish, David A. Lanning)....Pages 537-540 Biliary Atresia (Dan W. Parrish, Jonathan H. DeAntonio, David A. Lanning)....Pages 541-544 Front Matter ....Pages 545-545 Carotid Artery Stenosis (Ian Bailey, Faisal Aziz)....Pages 547-549 Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (Erin K. Greenleaf, Faisal Aziz)....Pages 551-553 Ruptured Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm (Faisal Aziz)....Pages 555-557 Aortic Dissection (Katelynn Ferranti, Faisal Aziz)....Pages 559-563 Acute Lower Extremity Ischemia (Afsha Aurshina, Anil Hingorani)....Pages 565-567 Chronic Lower Extremity Ischemia (Afsha Aurshina, Anil Hingorani)....Pages 569-571 Intermittent Claudication (Afsha Aurshina, Anil Hingorani)....Pages 573-575 Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis (Afsha Aurshina, Anil Hingorani)....Pages 577-579 Management of Acute Mesenteric Ischemia (Josh Radtka)....Pages 581-583 Management of Chronic Mesenteric Ischemia (Josh Radtka)....Pages 585-587 Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (Tarik Z. Ali, Josh Radtka)....Pages 589-591 AV Shunt Complications (Josh Radtka)....Pages 593-594 Front Matter ....Pages 595-595 Management of the Renal Mass (J. Chris Riney, Neil J. Kocher, Matthew Kaag)....Pages 597-599 Prostate Cancer (Rosa Park, Matthew Kaag)....Pages 601-604 Management of Scrotal/Testicular Mass (Brian M. Blair, Matthew Kaag)....Pages 605-608 Diagnosis and Management of Fournier’s Gangrene (Augustyna Gogoj, Matthew Kaag)....Pages 609-612 Front Matter ....Pages 613-613 Hypotension and Blunt Abdominal Trauma (Cheyenne C. Sonntag, Steven R. Allen)....Pages 615-618 Traumatic Brain Injury (Shannon R. Kotch, Steven R. Allen)....Pages 619-621 Penetrating Neck Trauma (Alexis Lauria, Steven R. Allen)....Pages 623-626 Penetrating Chest Trauma (Melissa Linskey, Steven R. Allen)....Pages 627-629 ED Thoracotomy (Nathan R. Manley, George O. Maish III)....Pages 631-632 Blunt Chest Wall Trauma (Nathan R. Manley, George O. Maish III)....Pages 633-635 Blunt Cardiac Injury (Nathan R. Manley, George O. Maish III)....Pages 637-639 Deceleration Injury: Blunt Aortic Injury (Nathan R. Manley, George O. Maish III)....Pages 641-643 Penetrating Abdominal Trauma (Michael Smith, Fausto Vinces)....Pages 645-648 Blunt Abdominal Trauma (Michael Smith, Fausto Vinces)....Pages 649-651 Management Algorithm for Acute and Chronic Diaphragmatic Injuries (Elif Onursal, Fausto Vinces)....Pages 653-656 Management of Traumatic Liver Injuries (Melissa Amberger, Fausto Vinces)....Pages 657-660 Management of Pancreatic Trauma (Shreya Jammula, Eric H. Bradburn)....Pages 661-664 Management of Traumatic Splenic Injuries (Eric H. Bradburn, Kameron Durante, Shreya Jammula)....Pages 665-668 Management of Kidney and Ureter Injuries (Eric H. Bradburn, Madison Morgan, Danielle Von Nieda)....Pages 669-673 Urethral Trauma (Cheyenne C. Sonntag, Susan MacDonald)....Pages 675-677 Pelvic Fractures (Ryan M. Staszak, Lacee Jay Laufenberg)....Pages 679-682 Bladder Injuries (Ryan M. Staszak, Lacee Jay Laufenberg)....Pages 683-685 Rectal Injuries (Amanda E. Lee, Karima Fitzgerald, Lacee Jay Laufenberg)....Pages 687-691 Extremity Compartment Syndrome (Karima Fitzgerald, Amanda E. Lee, Lacee Jay Laufenberg)....Pages 693-697 Front Matter ....Pages 699-699 Management of Intracranial Hemorrhage (Ariel P. Santos)....Pages 701-706 Airway Management (Robert S. Schoaps, Sprague W. Hazard III)....Pages 707-710 Intubation and Extubation (Ariel P. Santos)....Pages 711-717 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) (Dan A. Galvan)....Pages 719-722 Management of Sepsis (Jacklyn Engelbart, Luis J. Garcia)....Pages 723-726 Management of Shock (Jacklyn Engelbart, Luis J. Garcia)....Pages 727-729 Blood Transfusion Indications (Jacklyn Engelbart, Luis J. Garcia)....Pages 731-734 Abdominal Compartment Syndrome (Jacklyn Engelbart, Luis J. Garcia)....Pages 735-738 Acute Renal Failure (Kathleen A. Iles, Richard J. King)....Pages 739-742 Postoperative Pulmonary Emboli (Kathleen A. Iles, Richard J. King)....Pages 743-745 Burns Management (Kathleen A. Iles, Richard J. King)....Pages 747-749 Acid-Base Disorders (Kathleen A. Iles, Richard J. King)....Pages 751-754 Front Matter ....Pages 755-755 Hyponatremia (Kathryn W. Shaw, Andre A. S. Dick)....Pages 757-760 Hypernatremia (Kathryn W. Shaw, Andre A. S. Dick)....Pages 761-764 Hypokalemia (Kathryn W. Shaw, Andre A. S. Dick)....Pages 765-766 Hyperkalemia (Kathryn W. Shaw, Andre A. S. Dick)....Pages 767-769 Management of Hypocalcemia (Robert S. Schoaps, Sprague W. Hazard III)....Pages 771-773 Management of Hypercalcemia (Robert S. Schoaps, Sprague W. Hazard III)....Pages 775-778 Paradoxical Aciduria (Robert S. Schoaps, Sprague W. Hazard III)....Pages 779-780 Front Matter ....Pages 781-781 Inguinal Hernia (Q. Lina Hu, David C. Chen)....Pages 783-787 Recurrent Inguinal Hernia (Q. Lina Hu, David C. Chen)....Pages 789-791 Femoral Hernia (Q. Lina Hu, David C. Chen)....Pages 793-795 Obturator Hernia (Q. Lina Hu, David C. Chen)....Pages 797-800 Ventral Hernia Repair (Justin A. Doble, Eric M. Pauli)....Pages 801-803 Incarcerated and Strangulated Hernia (Justin A. Doble, Eric M. Pauli)....Pages 805-807 Management of Open Abdomen (Justin A. Doble, Eric M. Pauli)....Pages 809-811 Abdominal Wall Reconstruction (Justin A. Doble, Eric M. Pauli)....Pages 813-815 Front Matter ....Pages 817-817 Indications for Bariatric Surgery (Jin Sun Kim, Ann M. Rogers)....Pages 819-820 Work-Up of Abdominal Pain in the Bariatric Patient (Sarayna S. McGuire, Ann M. Rogers)....Pages 821-823 Internal Hernia: Diagnosis and Treatment (Brandon LaBarge, Ann M. Rogers)....Pages 825-826 Marginal Ulcer: Diagnosis and Treatment (Ye Tian, Ann M. Rogers)....Pages 827-829 Ventral Hernia Repair in Bariatric Patients (Anish Shah, Salvatore Docimo Jr.)....Pages 831-833 Acute Leak Following Bariatric Surgery: Endoscopic Stent Management (Salvatore Docimo Jr.)....Pages 835-838 Vitamin and Micronutrient Deficiencies After Bariatric Surgery (Salvatore Docimo Jr.)....Pages 839-842 Front Matter ....Pages 843-843 Pregnancy and Cholelithiasis (Jaimey M. Pauli)....Pages 845-848 Pregnancy and Appendicitis (Emily Smith, Jaimey M. Pauli)....Pages 849-852 Pregnancy and Breast Cancer (James M. O’Brien, Jaimey M. Pauli)....Pages 853-856 Pregnancy and Hernia (Jaimey M. Pauli)....Pages 857-860 Back Matter ....Pages 861-873