Application of Clean Fuels in Combustion Engines

Description

This book discusses the impact of fuels characteristics and their effects on the combustion processes in internal combustion engines. It includes the analysis of a variety of biofuels (alcohol fuels and biodiesel) and biogases (natural gas, hydrogen, etc.), providing valuable information related to consequent effects on performance and emissions. The contents focus on recent results and current trends of fuel utilization in the transport sector. State-of-the-art of clean fuels application are also discussed. Thighs book will be of interest to those in academia and industry involved in fuels, IC engines, engine instrumentation, and environmental research. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Part I General 1 Introduction to Application of Clean Fuels in Combustion Engines Part II Biofuels for Internal Combustion Engines 2 Alcohol Fuels in Compression Ignition Engines 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Production and Properties of Alcohol Fuels 2.3 Fuelling Mode, Combustion, and Emissions of Alcohol Fuels in Compression Ignition Engines 2.3.1 Fuelling Mode 2.3.2 Combustion 2.3.3 Emissions 2.4 Conclusions References 3 Alcohol Fuels in Spark Ignition Engines 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Production and Properties of Alcohol Fuels 3.2.1 Alcohol Fuels Production 3.3 Fuelling Mode, Combustion, and Emissions of Alcohol Fuels in Spark-Ignition Engines 3.3.1 Alcohol Fuels Properties 3.3.2 Fuelling Mode 3.3.3 Combustion 3.3.4 Emissions 3.4 Conclusions References 4 Fuel Injection Strategies for Alcohol Utilization in Combustion Engines 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Strategies for Alcohol Utilization in Combustion Engines 4.2.1 Diesel-Alcohol/ Gasoline-Alcohol Blends 4.2.2 Manifold Injection of Alcohols 4.2.3 Direct Injection of Alcohols 4.3 Summary References 5 Methanol Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Properties of Methanol 5.3 Challenges to Methanol as an IC Engine Fuel 5.4 Methanol in IC Engines 5.5 Injection Strategies for Methanol in CI Engines 5.6 Pure Methanol Fuelled CI Engines 5.7 Methanol Fumigation 5.8 Blending with Diesel Fuel 5.9 Advanced Injection Concepts for Methanol 5.10 Conclusions References 6 Butanol Fuel in Internal Combustion Engines 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Use of Butanol as a Fuel in IC Engine 6.3 Experimental Setup 6.4 Results and Discussion 6.5 Challenges of Butanol/Alcohol as Fuel in IC Engine 6.6 Outlook and Conclusions References 7 Biofuel Combustion Generated Particles Analysis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Soot Formation 7.3 Soot Emission Microstructure and Morphology 7.4 Soot Morphology and Microstructure of Biofuels 7.5 Conclusions References 8 Engine Performance and Emissions of Fuels from Waste Products for Sustainable Environment 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Materials and Methods 8.2.1 Base Fuel Preparation 8.2.2 Testing the Properties of Fuel Blends 8.2.3 Experimental Set up 8.2.4 Uncertainty and Error Analysis 8.3 Results and Discussion 8.3.1 Results of the Solubility and Properties 8.3.2 Performance Parameters 8.4 Conclusion References Part III Biogas for Internal Combustion Engines 9 The Role of Renewable Gas in the Mobility Emission Mitigation Strategies 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Sustainable Mobility as a New Essential Energy Vector 9.2 Renewable Gases in Mobility 9.2.1 Biomethane in Mobility 9.2.2 Hydrogen in Mobility 9.2.3 Synthetic Natural Gas or SYNGAS 9.3 Biomethane 9.3.1 Biogas Potential 9.3.2 Biogas Production 9.3.3 Biogas to Biomethane. Why is the Upgrading Needed? 9.3.4 Biogas to Biomethane. Upgrading Process 9.3.5 CO2 Removal Technologies 9.3.6 Well to Wheel Cycle 9.3.7 Adsorbed Biomethane 9.4 Hydrogen 9.4.1 Hydrogen Production 9.4.2 Hydrogen Storage 9.4.3 Hydrogen Applications 9.4.4 Fuel Cells Electric Vehicle (FCEV) 9.4.5 Fuel Cells in Other Vehicles 9.4.6 Research Lines in Hydrogen 9.4.7 Hydrogen Potential 9.5 Renewable Gas Valorisation 9.5.1 Power to Gas Technology 9.5.2 Hydrogen and Methane Blending 9.5.3 Renewable Gas Potential in Transport 9.6 Guarantees of Origin 9.7 Conclusions References 10 Hydrogen in Spark Ignition Engines 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Materials and Methods 10.2.1 Hydrogen 10.2.2 Fuel Preparation 10.3 Experimental Setup 10.3.1 Uncertainty Analysis 10.4 Results and Discussion 10.4.1 Brake Thermal Efficiency 10.4.2 Brake Mean Effective Pressure 10.4.3 Carbon Monoxide 10.4.4 Hydrocarbon 10.4.5 Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) 10.4.6 Exhaust Gas Temperature 10.5 Conclusions References 11 Advances in the Utilization of Biogas in Diesel Engines: An Exergy Based Approach 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Dual Fuel Technology 11.1.2 Challenges with Biogas Dual Fuel Technology 11.2 Energy and Exergy Analysis Applied to Engine Processes 11.2.1 Energy Analysis 11.2.2 Exergy Analysis 11.3 Impact of Engine Operating Parameters 11.3.1 Engine Load and Pilot Fuel Substitution Ratio 11.3.2 Methane Enrichment in Biogas 11.3.3 Pilot Fuel Injection Timing 11.3.4 Type of Pilot Fuel 11.4 Advances in the Combustion Methods for Biogas 11.4.1 Optimization of Engine Design Parameters 11.4.2 Blends of Pilot Fuels 11.4.3 Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) 11.5 Summary References