Renewable Fuels for Sustainable Mobility

Description

This volume discusses the use of renewable fuels for clean transportation and its applications on internal combustion engines. The contents focus on the key aspects of fuel production processes and its impact on various segments of the transportation sector and for sustainable mobility. Several kinds of fuels are assessed such as biofuels, alcohols, and hydrogen, and their effects on the combustion process are characterized by application. This volume will be of use to those working in academia and industry as well as energy experts and policy makers.  Preface Contents About the Editors Part I General 1 Introduction to Renewable Fuels for Sustainable Mobility References Part II Renewable Fuel Applications 2 Hydrotreated Vegetable Oils for Compression Ignition Engines—The Way Toward a Sustainable Transport 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Production and Properties of HVO 2.3 Environmental Impact of HVO 2.4 Application of HVO to CI Engines 2.4.1 Spray Characteristics 2.5 Combustion and Emissions Characteristics 2.6 Conclusions References 3 DME as a Green Fuel for Transport Sector 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Challenges for Compression Ignition (CI) Engines 3.3 Alternative Fuel Scenario 3.4 DME: An Alternative Fuel 3.5 DME: Production Routes 3.6 DME: Health, Environmental and Safety Effects 3.7 Properties of DME 3.8 Advantages and Challenges of DME 3.9 Engine Hardware Modifications for DME Adaptation 3.10 DME Fuelled Vehicle Development Projects 3.10.1 DME FIE Development for Heavy-Duty Trucks 3.10.2 DME FIE Development for City Bus 3.10.3 DME FIE Development for Engines 3.11 Combustion Characteristics of DME 3.11.1 In-Cylinder Pressure and RoPR 3.11.2 HRR and CHR 3.11.3 IMEP 3.11.4 Ignition Delay and Combustion Phasing 3.11.5 Fuel Line Pressure, Injection Duration and Injection Delay 3.12 Emission Characteristics of DME 3.12.1 Regulated Emissions 3.12.2 Unregulated Emissions 3.12.3 Particulates 3.12.4 Trace Metals 3.13 Conclusions 3.14 Future Scope References 4 Combustion and Emission Characteristics of Oxygenated Alternative Fuels in Compression Ignition Engines 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Fuel Properties of Oxygenated Alternative Fuels 4.3 Combustion and Performance of Oxygenated Fuels 4.4 Exhaust Emissions Characteristics of Oxygenated Fuels 4.5 Summary References 5 Functional Use-Based Positioning of Conventional Vehicles in Conjunction with Alternate Low-Emission Fuels 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Understanding the Vehicles on Indian Roads 5.3 ICE-Based Fuels for Consideration 5.4 Methods for Assessment 5.5 4A-Assessment of ICE-Based Fuels 5.5.1 Natural Gas 5.5.2 Auto-Gas or LPG 5.5.3 Hydrogen 5.6 Evaluation of Global Experiences 5.6.1 CNG in Argentina 5.6.2 LNG in China 5.6.3 Auto-Gas in Turkey 5.6.4 Ethanol Blended Petrol (EBP)/Biofuels in Brazil 5.6.5 Biodiesel from Indonesia 5.6.6 Hydrogen (in ICE-Based Vehicle Commercial Pilot Projects) from the World 5.7 Pairing of Fuels and Vehicles 5.7.1 Two-Wheeler (2W) Segment 5.7.2 Three-Wheeler (3W) Segment 5.7.3 Four-Wheeler Passenger (4W-P) Segment 5.7.4 Four-Wheeler Non-Passenger (4W-NP) Segment 5.7.5 Heavy Vehicle—Bus (HV-B) Segment 5.7.6 Heavy Vehicle—Municipality (HV-M) Segment 5.7.7 Heavy Vehicle—Agriculture (HV-A) Segment 5.7.8 Heavy Vehicle—Construction (HV-C) Segment 5.7.9 Freight Vehicle (FV) Segment 5.8 Lessons for India from the Global Experiences 5.8.1 Long-Term Availability of the Resources for Alternate Fuel 5.8.2 Impetus from the Government for Adoption of Alternate Fuels 5.8.3 Vital Role of Regulations, Policy Guidelines, Standards, and Institutions 5.8.4 Sustained Promotion of the Ecosystem in Place in the Face of Challenges 5.8.5 Substantial and Continued Investment in the Research and Development (R&D) 5.8.6 Creation of ‘Economies of Scale’ Through Product Diversification and Privatization 5.8.7 Price Parity to Encourage the Spontaneous Adoption by the Consumer 5.8.8 Changing Consumer Behaviour with Respect to Long-Term Adoption of New Eco-System 5.9 Conclusion References 6 Strategies for Efficient Utilization of Methanol in Compression Ignition Engines 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Methanol Injection Strategy in CI Engines 6.2.1 Direct Mixture 6.2.2 Fumigation 6.2.3 Direct Injection 6.3 Modifications in CI Engines 6.3.1 Fuel-Injection System 6.3.2 Cold Start 6.3.3 Material Compatibility 6.3.4 Thermal Barrier Coatings (TBCs) for Methanol-Fueled Compression Ignition (CI) Engines 6.4 Methanol Engine Characteristics in CI Engine 6.4.1 Methanol Performance Characteristics in CI Engines 6.4.2 Methanol Combustion Characteristics in CI Engines 6.4.3 Methanol Emission Characteristics in CI Engine 6.5 Summary and Future Scope References 7 The Impact of Renewable Fuels and Fuel Additives (Dodecanol) on Particulate Mass Emission for Sustainable Mobility 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure 7.3 Results 7.4 Conclusions References 8 A Bibliometric Review of Alcohol–Diesel Blend in CI Engines 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methodology for Bibliometric Analysis 8.3 Bibliometric Analysis 8.4 Various Useful Properties of Alcohol 8.5 Alcohols as Additives for CI Engines 8.5.1 Methanol 8.5.2 Ethanol 8.5.3 N-Butanol 8.6 Conclusions and Future Scope References Part III Renewable Fuel Production 9 Biomass and CO2-Derived Fuels Through Carbon-Based Catalysis. Recent Advances and Future Challenges 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Catalytic Carbon-Based Processes to Biomass-Derived Fuels 9.2.1 Hydrodeoxygenation of Bio-Oil 9.2.2 Steam Reforming of Bio-Oil for Hydrogen Production 9.2.3 Economic Analysis of Bio-Oil-Derived Fuels 9.3 Catalytic Carbon-Based Processes to CO2-Derived Fuels 9.3.1 Thermochemical CO2 Hydrogenation Using a Carbon-Based Catalyst 9.3.2 Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Using Carbon-Based Catalysts 9.3.3 Economic Analysis of CO2-Derived Fuels 9.4 Conclusion, Future Challenges, and Perspectives References 10 Waste-to-Energy: Applications and Perspectives on Sustainable Aviation Fuel Production 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Historical Overview—Environmental Legislation 10.3 Energy Supply and Demand 10.4 Sustainable Waste Management 10.4.1 Waste-to-Energy Conversion Technologies 10.4.2 Landfill Gas Recovery 10.5 Waste Materials as Biojet Fuel Feedstock 10.5.1 Decarbonizing Aviation Industry 10.5.2 Waste Material Feedstock 10.6 Sustainable Pathways for Greener Biojet Fuel Production 10.7 Conclusions References Part IV Miscellaneous 11 Feasibility Study of Laser Plasma-Assisted Stratified Combustion and Spray Investigations in a Constant Volume Chamber 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 DISI Engines 11.2 Optical Techniques for Combustion and Spray Investigations 11.2.1 Shadowgraphy Technique 11.2.2 Schlieren Imaging Technique 11.2.3 Laser-Induced Fluorescence (LIF) Technique 11.2.4 Mie Scattering Technique 11.2.5 Phase Doppler Interferometry (PDI) Technique 11.3 Constant Volume Combustion/Spray Chamber Development 11.3.1 General Design Considerations 11.3.2 Design of Horizontal CVC 11.3.3 Material Selection and Structural Analysis of CVC 11.3.4 Injector and Spark-Plug Assembly 11.3.5 Structural and Thermal Analyses of Optical Windows 11.3.6 Manufacturing, Assembly and Testing of CVC 11.4 Ignition Systems 11.4.1 Limitations of Spark Ignition 11.4.2 Laser Ignition 11.5 Spray and CVCC Studies 11.5.1 Spark-Ignited Direct-Injected Gasoline Spray 11.5.2 Laser-Ignited Direct-Injected Gasoline Spray 11.6 Conclusions and Future Directions References 12 Understanding Combustion in CI Engines for Adoption of Renewable Fuels 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Historical Evolution 12.3 Differences Between Optical and All-Metal Engines 12.4 Combustion Visualisation 12.4.1 Natural Luminosity-Based Investigations 12.4.2 Laser-Based Diagnostics 12.5 Diesel Combustion Visualisation 12.5.1 Stages in Diesel Combustion 12.5.2 Parameters Affecting Combustion 12.6 Summary References