The Routledge Handbook Of Libertarianism

Description

Libertarians often bill their theory as an alternative to both the traditional Left and Right. The Routledge Handbook of Libertarianism helps readers fully examine this alternative without preaching it to them, exploring the contours of libertarian (sometimes also called classical liberal) thinking on justice, institutions, interpersonal ethics, government, and political economy. The 31 chapters--all written specifically for this volume--are organized into five parts. Part I asks, what should libertarianism learn from other theories of justice, and what should defenders of other theories of justice learn from libertarianism? Part II asks, what are some of the deepest problems facing libertarian theories? Part III asks, what is the right way to think about property rights and the market? Part IV asks, how should we think about the state? Finally, part V asks, how well (or badly) can libertarianism deal with some of the major policy challenges of our day, such as immigration, trade, religion in politics, and paternalism in a free market. Among the Handbook's chapters are those from critics who write about what they believe libertarians get right as well as others from leading libertarian theorists who identify what they think libertarians get wrong. As a whole, the Handbook provides a comprehensive, clear-eyed look at what libertarianism has been and could be, and why it matters. Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Series Page......Page 3 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Table of Contents......Page 6 Biographical Notes......Page 9 Acknowledgments......Page 16 Introduction: Respecting and Caring......Page 17 Bibliography......Page 21 Part 1 Libertarianism and Other Theories......Page 22 Chapter 1 Learning from Libertarianism: Thanks from an Unrepentant Social Democrat......Page 24 Social Democrats and Libertarians......Page 25 Lesson 1: The Limits of Fairness......Page 27 Lesson 2: Protecting Self-Reliance......Page 28 Lesson 3: Value (Nonexploitive) Capitalism......Page 33 Lesson 4: Justice Has No Pattern......Page 35 Instruction and Illusion from Public Choice Theory......Page 37 An Invitation......Page 39 Notes......Page 40 References......Page 41 Locke’s Libertarian Legacy......Page 43 Disagreement, Democracy, and Realism......Page 45 Liberty and Legitimacy......Page 48 Commercial Society and the Hayekian Alternative......Page 50 References......Page 53 1 Is There a “Classical Liberal” View?......Page 55 2 Extended Complex Orders......Page 56 3 The Twin Ideas......Page 60 4 The Open Society and its Enemies......Page 63 5 The Paradox of Moral Inquiry......Page 65 Notes......Page 70 References......Page 71 Chapter 4 Democracy Versus Libertarianism......Page 74 2 Lockean Libertarianism......Page 75 3 Classical Liberalism......Page 76 4 Democracy Through a Libertarian Lens......Page 77 5 Democracy through a Classical Liberal Lens......Page 79 6 Equality......Page 80 7 The Mirage of Social Justice......Page 84 8 The Critique of Rent Seeking......Page 85 9 Lingering Questions......Page 87 References......Page 88 Chapter 5 Kant’s Liberalism......Page 89 Kant’s Account of Freedom......Page 90 Freedom and Coercion......Page 91 Kant on Justified Taxation......Page 93 Kant’s Liberalism......Page 95 References......Page 97 Chapter 6 What’s Wrong with Libertarianism: A Meritocratic Diagnosis......Page 98 1 Libertarianism and Meritocracy: Their Core Holdings......Page 99 2 On Fair Equality of Opportunity and Personal Responsibility......Page 101 3 On Justice in Economic Life......Page 103 4 Remarks on Public Policy......Page 107 Notes......Page 109 References......Page 110 1 Introduction......Page 113 2 The Freeman Critique of Libertarianism......Page 115 3 Libertarianism Reconsidered......Page 117 4 How Some Libertarians Can Be Read as Illiberal......Page 121 5 Conclusion......Page 125 Notes......Page 126 References......Page 127 1 Liberalism and Illiberal Libertarians......Page 129 2 Liberal Libertarians......Page 132 3 Remarks on Liberty and Property......Page 138 4 Concluding Remarks on Inalienability......Page 141 Notes......Page 142 References......Page 144 Part 2 Questioning Libertarian Principles......Page 146 1 Introduction......Page 148 2 Libertarian Self-ownership: What is Ownership?......Page 150 3 Libertarian Self-Ownership: What is the Self that Owns?......Page 151 4 A Feminist Conception of Self-Ownership: Connected Self Ownership......Page 156 5 A Plausibly Feminist Libertarianism......Page 157 References......Page 159 1 Introduction......Page 161 2 The Separateness Conception......Page 162 3 The Unity Conception......Page 171 4 Conclusion......Page 172 Notes......Page 173 Further Reading......Page 174 References......Page 175 Chapter 11 Libertarianism and Exception Rights......Page 176 1 From Moral Anarchy to Libertarian Rights......Page 177 2 Two Insensitivities of Libertarianism......Page 180 3 The Case for Exception Rights......Page 182 4 Exception Rights and the Insensitivity Objections......Page 185 5 Conclusion......Page 187 References......Page 188 Chapter 12 The Sufficiency Proviso......Page 190 1 Libertarian Justice......Page 191 2 The Sufficiency Proviso......Page 193 3 The Sufficiency Proviso vs. Egalitarian Provisos......Page 196 4 The Sufficiency Proviso vs. Nozick’s Proviso......Page 197 5 The Sufficiency Proviso vs. Mack’s Proviso......Page 199 Notes......Page 201 References......Page 202 I......Page 205 II......Page 207 III......Page 208 IV......Page 209 V......Page 210 VI......Page 213 VII......Page 214 VIII......Page 216 IX......Page 217 Notes......Page 218 References......Page 219 Chapter 14 The Myths of the Self-Ownership Thesis......Page 220 Re-Reading Nozick......Page 221 A Nozickian Rejoinder to Nagel and Murphy’s Myth of Ownership......Page 224 The (Supposed) Trivial Incursion Problem......Page 226 Self-Ownership: Almost Uncontroversial......Page 229 Notes......Page 231 References......Page 232 Chapter 15 Social Contractarianism......Page 233 1 Libertarianism......Page 234 2 The Idea of the Social Contract......Page 236 3 Rights and Consequences......Page 238 4 Anarchism and Self-Government......Page 240 Notes......Page 243 References......Page 244 Part 3 The Role of Property and the Market......Page 246 Chapter 16 What Can Be for Sale?......Page 248 1 Defending Libertarian Political Morality......Page 249 2 Objections to Markets......Page 250 What Can Be For Sale?......Page 261 Further Reading......Page 262 Chapter 17 Property Rights: Natural or Conventional?......Page 265 1 Why Natural Property Rights?......Page 266 2 How Extensive is the Primitive Right?......Page 271 3 Why not Pure Conventionalism?......Page 276 References......Page 278 1 The Prima Facie Case......Page 280 2 How the Individual’s Production Depends on Others......Page 281 4 The Role of the State in Defining Property Rights......Page 286 Notes......Page 290 References......Page 291 The Economics of Trade: Comparative Advantage......Page 293 The Morality of Free Trade......Page 295 Why Protectionism Continues to Be Popular......Page 300 The Absurdity of Protectionism......Page 301 Notes......Page 302 References......Page 303 1 Introduction......Page 304 2 Economic Liberties as Basic Rights......Page 305 3 Three High-Liberal Routes to Basic Economic Liberties......Page 311 4 Conclusion......Page 315 References......Page 316 Part 4 What Is the Role of the State?......Page 320 Chapter 21 Ideal Theory......Page 322 Public Goods......Page 323 Political Equality......Page 325 Economic Sufficiency......Page 326 Equal Opportunity......Page 329 Conclusion......Page 330 References......Page 331 1 Introduction......Page 333 2 Why Private Governance Is So Common: Beyond Legal Centralism and the Deus ex Machina Theory of Law......Page 334 3 Facilitating Cooperation as a Profit Opportunity......Page 336 4 Examples of Private Governance in Historical and Modern Times......Page 338 Concluding Thoughts......Page 340 Further Reading......Page 341 References......Page 342 1 Introduction......Page 344 2 What Libertarians Don’t Believe about Welfare......Page 346 3 Moral Arguments against the Welfare State......Page 347 4 Libertarians for the Welfare State......Page 351 5 Conclusion......Page 356 Notes......Page 358 Further Reading......Page 359 References......Page 360 1 Introduction......Page 363 2 The Dominant “Market Failure” Paradigm......Page 364 3 Market Failure: Public Goods, Externalities, Information, and Economies of Scale......Page 365 4 Government Failure: Substantive, Procedural, and Behavioral......Page 368 5 Conclusion......Page 376 References......Page 377 Chapter 25 Freedom and Knowledge......Page 379 1 The Problem of Voter Ignorance......Page 380 2 The Problem of Planner Ignorance......Page 384 3 The Mutually Reinforcing Nature of Voter Ignorance and Elite Ignorance......Page 386 4 The Informational Advantages of Foot Voting......Page 388 Conclusion......Page 390 Further Reading......Page 391 References......Page 392 Part 5 Applied Libertarian Issues......Page 396 2 The Presumptive Argument For Open Borders and Common Objections......Page 398 3 Freedom of Association and Ownership......Page 402 4 Bad Consequences......Page 404 5 Practical Implications......Page 406 Further Reading......Page 408 References......Page 409 Chapter 27 Religion and Politics......Page 411 1 Mises on Religion......Page 412 2 Hayek on Religion......Page 414 3 Rand on Religion......Page 417 4 Rothbard on Religion......Page 419 6 A Libertarian Approach to Religion in Politics......Page 422 References......Page 424 Chapter 28 A Libertarian Approach to Medicine......Page 426 1 Patients’ Rights......Page 427 2 Public Officials and Self-Medication......Page 431 Further Reading......Page 435 References......Page 436 Introduction......Page 438 Disagreement Runs Deep......Page 440 Perspectives......Page 441 Perspectives and Tolerance......Page 442 Discovery......Page 445 Further Reading......Page 446 References......Page 447 Chapter 30 Paternalism and the Limits of Liberty......Page 448 Notes......Page 455 References......Page 456 A Liberal Model of Exploitation3......Page 457 Exploitation in Unfree Markets......Page 458 Exploitation in Free Markets......Page 459 Exploitation and Injustice......Page 461 A Case for Just Free Markets......Page 462 Notes......Page 465 References......Page 466 Index......Page 468