New Trends in Emerging Environmental Contaminants

Description

This book is based on recent trends for the research in emerging environmental contaminants in different compartment of the environment. It provides a recent understanding for the fate, transport, and degradation of emerging contaminants in different environmental sectors, including water, air, and soil. The contents discuss the fate and transport of microplastics, PPCPs, along with the method of detection and degradation. It includes removal of variety of pollutants including microplastics, pharmaceuticals, and personal care products from the water using adsorption technique, electrooxidation, membrane technology and other advance oxidation methods. This volume will be of great value to those in academia and industry involved in environmental science and engineering research. Preface Contents Editors and Contributors Part I Emerging Contaminants: Sources, Occurrence, and Their Fate 1 Introduction of New Trends in Emerging Environmental Contaminants 1.1 Introduction 2 Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater and Surface Water 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Emerging Contaminants (ECs) in Wastewater and Surface Water 2.3 Pharmaceuticals (PhACs) 2.3.1 Sources of PhACs 2.3.2 Occurrence of PhACs in Indian Environment 2.3.3 Effects of PhACs on the Animal and Human Health 2.4 Personal Care Products 2.4.1 Sources of PCPs 2.4.2 Occurrence of PCPs in Indian Environment 2.4.3 Effects of PCPs on the Animal and Human Health 2.5 Endocrine Disruptors (EDCs) 2.5.1 Sources of EDCs 2.5.2 Occurrence of EDCs in Indian Aquatic Environment 2.5.3 Effects of EDCs on the Animal and Human Health 2.6 Monitoring and Regulation of ECs in Wastewater and Surface Water 2.6.1 Regulations and Guidelines 2.6.2 Analytical Methods for Monitoring of ECs 2.7 Conclusions References 3 Occurrence, Fate, and Health Hazards of Microplastics Pollution 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Occurrence and Abundance in Various Matrices 3.2.1 Aquatic Environment 3.2.2 Terrestrial Environment 3.2.3 Atmosphere 3.3 Detection Methods of MPs 3.3.1 Sampling 3.3.2 Extraction 3.3.3 Identification Methods of MPs 3.4 Sources of Generation of MPs 3.4.1 Aquatic Bodies 3.4.2 Air 3.4.3 Soil 3.5 Fate and Transport of MPs 3.6 Exposure Levels and Ecotoxicological Effects on Biota 3.7 MPs as the Carriers of Other Organic Pollutants 3.8 Leaching of Compounds from Plastics and MPs 3.9 Summary and Conclusion References 4 Microplastics in Terrestrial Soils: Occurrence, Analysis, and Remediation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Occurrence of Microplastics in the Floodplain Soils: An IGP Perspective 4.3 Extraction of Microplastics from Soils 4.3.1 Sample Collection Methods 4.3.2 Extraction of Microplastics 4.4 Microplastics Analysis in Soils 4.4.1 Quantitative Analysis of Microplastics 4.4.2 Qualitative Analysis of Microplastics 4.5 Microplastics Control and Remediation 4.6 Conclusion References 5 Microplastics in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Occurrence, Fate and Mitigation Strategies 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Treatment Methods and the Mechanism Involved in Removing MPs from WWTPs 5.2.1 Biological Processes 5.2.2 Filtration 5.2.3 Adsorption 5.2.4 Membrane Technologies 5.2.5 Electrocoagulation 5.2.6 Advanced Oxidation Processes 5.3 Conclusions References 6 Chloroform—An Emerging Pollutant in the Air 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 General 6.1.2 Physio-Chemical and Toxicity Profile 6.2 Source 6.2.1 Natural Sources 6.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources 6.3 Environmental Persistency 6.4 Metabolism of Chloroform 6.5 Health Effects 6.6 Workplace Exposure Limits (WEL) 6.7 Sampling and Analytical Techniques 6.7.1 Sampling Techniques 6.7.2 Analytical Techniques 6.7.3 Sensor-Based Techniques 6.8 Levels of Chloroform in Different Environments 6.8.1 Ambient Air 6.8.2 Indoor Air 6.8.3 Industrial Air 6.9 Control/clean up of Chloroform in the Air 6.10 Conclusion References 7 Phthalate Esters in the Environment: An Overview on the Occurrence, Toxicity, Detection, and Treatment Options 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Classification of PAEs 7.3 Source of PAEs Pollution 7.4 Fate and Transport of PAEs 7.4.1 Fate and Transport in the Aquatic Environment 7.4.2 Fate and Transport in Air 7.4.3 Fate and Transport in Soil 7.5 Toxicity and Exposure of Phthalates 7.6 Method of Extraction and Detection of PAEs 7.7 Remediation Option for PAEs 7.7.1 Adsorption 7.7.2 Biological Degradation 7.7.3 Advanced Oxidation Processes 7.7.4 Other Treatment Options 7.8 Conclusion References 8 Removal of Pharmaceutical Compounds: Overview of Treatment Methods 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Sources and Occurrence of PCs 8.3 Effects of PCs 8.4 Detection and Analysis of PCs in the Environment 8.5 Treatment Methods of PCs 8.5.1 Conventional Treatment Methods (Primary/Secondary Methods) 8.5.2 Adsorption 8.5.3 Advanced Treatment Techniques 8.6 Conclusions References Part II Emerging Contaminants: Transport and Conventional and Advance Technologies for Treatment 9 Microbial Degradation of Pharmaceuticals 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Degradation of Pharmaceuticals 9.2.1 Metabolism of Pharmaceuticals in Human Body 9.2.2 Microbial Degradation of Pharmaceuticals 9.3 Biodegradation of Pharmaceuticals from Major Drug Classes 9.3.1 Antibiotics 9.3.2 Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs 9.3.3 Antidepressants 9.3.4 Antineoplastics 9.3.5 Beta Blockers 9.3.6 Illicit Drugs 9.4 Limitations in Execution to WWTPs 9.5 Conclusion References 10 Application of Biochar for Removal of Emerging Contaminants 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Sources, Classification, and Fate of Emerging Contaminants 10.3 Treatment Methods of ECs 10.4 Biochar as Adsorbent for ECs Removal 10.4.1 Biochar Production 10.4.2 Properties of Biochar 10.4.3 Emerging Contaminant Removal Using Biochar 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Remediation of Emerging Contaminants by Naturally Derived Adsorbents 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Adsorption 11.2.1 Mechanisms of Adsorption 11.2.2 Factors Affecting Adsorption 11.3 Removal of EC by Naturally Derived Adsorbents 11.3.1 Pharmaceuticals 11.3.2 Endocrine Disruptors 11.3.3 Personal Care Products 11.3.4 Per and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances 11.3.5 Pesticides 11.3.6 Nanomaterials and Microplastics 11.4 Conclusions and Scope References 12 Emerging Contaminants Removal from Wastewater by Nanotechnological Methods 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Nanotechnological Methods for the Removal of ECs 12.2.1 Nano Adsorption 12.2.2 Nanofiltration 12.2.3 Nanocatalysis 12.3 Future Prospects 12.4 Conclusion References 13 Magnetic Nanoparticles: Application in the Removal of Next-Generation Pollutants from Wastewater 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Types of Magnetic Nanoparticles 13.2.1 Metal Based Magnetic Nanoparticles 13.2.2 Nano-Carbons Based Magnetic Nanoparticles 13.2.3 Composite Based Magnetic Nanoparticles 13.3 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Adsorbent for Next-Generation Pollutant Removal 13.4 Magnetic Nanoparticles as Oxidant for Next-Generation Pollutant Removal 13.5 Conclusion References 14 Clay Supported Zero Valent Iron Nanocomposites: Advancement in the Field of Green Catalyst for Abatement of Persistent Pollutant 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Zero Valent Iron 14.2.1 Methods for Synthesis of nZVI Particles 14.2.2 Physical Methods 14.2.3 Chemical Methods 14.2.4 Carbothermal Reduction Method 14.2.5 Biological Methods 14.2.6 Electrochemical Mediated Synthesis of nZVI 14.2.7 Ultrasound Mediated Synthesis of nZVI 14.3 Surface Modification of nZVI 14.3.1 Metal Doping 14.3.2 Surface Coating 14.3.3 Supporting Matrix/material 14.4 Clay-NZVI Hybrid Nanocomposite/Clay as Supporting Material for nZVI 14.5 Application of Clay-NZVI Nanocomposite 14.5.1 Adsorbent 14.5.2 Catalyst 14.6 Conclusions and Future Prospectus References 15 Application of Plasma-Assisted Advanced Oxidation Processes for Removal of Emerging Contaminants in Water 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Emerging Contaminants in the Aquatic Environment: Origin, Health Effects, Occurrence, Fate, and Transport 15.3 Advanced Oxidation Process for Removal of ECs in Water 15.4 Introduction to Plasma 15.4.1 Classification and Definition of Plasma 15.4.2 Brief Note of Nonthermal Plasma/Discharges 15.4.3 Plasma Induced Reactive Species 15.4.4 Quantification of Reactive Chemical Species 15.5 Plasma Assisted Degradation Process for ECs 15.5.1 Effect of Initial Pollutant Concentration 15.5.2 Effect of pH 15.5.3 Effect of Water Conductivity 15.5.4 Effect of Feed Gas Composition and Flow Rate 15.5.5 Effect of Reactor Configuration and Plasma Discharge 15.5.6 Effect of the Electrode Gap 15.5.7 Effect of Input Power 15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 16 Graphene Modified Photocatalysts for the Abatement of Emerging Contaminants in Water 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Milestones in ECs Detection and Removal in Water 16.3 Introduction to Photocatalysis 16.3.1 Principle of Photocatalysis 16.3.2 Factors Affecting Photocatalysis 16.3.3 Application of Graphene Modified Photocatalysts in Removing ECs in Water 16.4 Photocatalytic Reactor Design 16.5 Conclusion References 17 Reverse Osmosis (RO) and Nanofiltration (NF) Membranes for Emerging Contaminants (ECs) Removal 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Emerging Contaminants and Their Effects 17.2.1 Pharmaceuticals (PhACs) 17.2.2 Endocrine Disruptors (EDCs) 17.2.3 Personal Care Products 17.2.4 Pesticides and Biocides 17.3 Quantification of ECs 17.4 Reverse Osmosis 17.4.1 Removal of ECs by RO Process 17.5 Nanofiltration 17.5.1 Removal of ECs by Nanofiltration Process 17.6 Conclusion References 18 Introduction to Membrane Distillation and Its Application in Emerging Contaminants Removal 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Membrane Distillation 18.2.1 Different Membrane Distillation Configuration 18.3 Emerging Contaminants Removal by Membrane Distillation 18.4 Economics and Energy of MD System 18.5 Summary and Conclusion References 19 Point-of-Use Drinking Water Treatment Systems and Their Performance in Removal of Emerging Contaminants 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Available Technologies for POU Water Treatment 19.2.1 Heat and Light-Based Systems 19.2.2 Chemical Treatments 19.2.3 Physical Removal Methods 19.3 Membrane-Based POU Systems 19.3.1 Membrane Filtration Technology 19.3.2 Microfiltration-Based POU Systems 19.3.3 Ultrafiltration-Based POU Systems 19.3.4 Nanofiltration and RO-Based POU Systems 19.4 Performance of Household POU Water Filters in the Removal of Emerging Contaminants 19.4.1 Activated Carbon-Based POU Systems 19.4.2 RO-Based POU Water Filters 19.5 Conclusion References 20 Electrocoagulation Process for the Removal of Emerging Pollutants in Water and Wastewater 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Electrocoagulation 20.2.1 Mechanism of EC Process 20.2.2 Parameters Governing EC Process 20.2.3 Ecomomic Aspect of EC Process 20.2.4 Advantage and Disadvantages of EC Process 20.3 Application of EC for the Removal of Emerging Pollutants 20.4 Future Challenges 20.5 Summary and conclusion References 21 Application of Microbial Fuel Cells for the Treatment of Emerging Contaminants from Wastewater: An Overview 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Microbial Fuel Cells 21.3 Emerging Contaminants 21.4 Summary and Conclusion References 22 Material and Process-Related Contaminants in Solar Photovoltaics: Key Issues, and Future Prospects 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Solar Cell Technologies 22.2.1 Overview of the Material Properties of Absorbing Materials Used in Different PV Technologies 22.2.2 First-Generation (or Silicon) Solar Cells 22.2.3 Second-Generation (or Thin-Film) PV Cells 22.2.4 Third Generation (or Emerging) Solar PV Cells 22.3 Metrics for Evaluating the Economic and Environmental Impact of Photovoltaic (PV) Technologies 22.4 Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Impacts 22.4.1 Silicon Solar Cells 22.4.2 Thin-Film Solar Cells 22.4.3 Perovskite Solar Cell (PSCs) 22.5 Summary and Conclusion References 23 Colloid Transport in Porous Media at Multiple Length Scales 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Colloid Retention Mechanisms 23.2.1 Deposition at Interfaces 23.2.2 Blocking 23.2.3 Straining 23.2.4 Ripening 23.2.5 Size Exclusion 23.3 Scales Associated with Colloid Transport 23.3.1 Pore Scale 23.3.2 Column Scale 23.3.3 Sand-Box Scale 23.3.4 Field Scale 23.4 Linking of Transport Processes Across Various Scales 23.5 Conclusions References