Fiber Electronics

Description

This book highlights the main advances in fiber electronics, like fiber-shaped solar cells, batteries, supercapacitors, sensors, light-emitting devices, memristors and communication devices from the standpoints of material synthesis, structure design and property enhancement. It focuses on revealing the separation and transport mechanisms of charges, establishing transport equations for electrons and ions, and emphasizing integration methods in fiber devices. In closing, it reviews emerging applications based on fiber devices that could accelerate their large-scale production in the near future. Given its scope, the book offers a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, graduate students and undergraduate students in a wide variety of fields such as advanced materials, energy, electrochemistry, applied physics, nanoscience and nanotechnology, polymer science and engineering and biomedical science. It also benefits many non-specialist industrialists who are working to promote new technologies. Preface Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Development in Fiber Materials 1.1.1 History of Fiber Materials 1.1.2 Characteristics of Fiber Materials 1.2 Brief Introduction of Electronic Devices 1.2.1 History of Electronic Devices 1.2.2 The Development Trend of Electronic Devices 1.3 Challenges of Traditional Planar Devices 1.4 Development of Fiber Devices 1.4.1 History of Fiber Electronic Devices 1.4.2 Characteristics of Fiber Electronic Devices 1.4.3 Categories of Fiber Devices 1.4.4 Performance of Fiber Devices 1.4.5 Applications of Fiber Devices 1.4.6 Conclusion References 2 Fiber Electrodes 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Metal Wires 2.2.1 Copper and Aluminum Wires 2.2.2 Stainless Steel Wire 2.2.3 Titanium Wire 2.2.4 Other Metal Wires 2.3 Carbon-Based Fiber Electrodes 2.3.1 Carbon Nanotube Fiber 2.3.2 Graphene Fiber 2.3.3 Carbon Fiber 2.4 Polymer Fibers 2.5 Summary References 3 Charge Separation and Transport Mechanism in Fiber Electronics 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell 3.1.2 Polymer Solar Cell 3.1.3 Perovskite Solar Cell 3.2 Charge Separation Mechanism in Fiber Electronics 3.2.1 Structures of Fiber Devices 3.2.2 The Interface of Fiber Devices 3.3 The Charge Transport Mechanism in Fiber Devices 3.3.1 The Mechanism of Electron Transport 3.3.2 Mechanism of Ion Transmission 3.4 Influence of Structural Parameter on Charge Separation and Transmission 3.5 Perspective References 4 Fiber Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 4.1 Overview of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 4.1.1 Working Mechanism 4.1.2 Materials 4.1.3 Characterizations 4.1.4 Summary 4.2 Overview of Fiber Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells 4.2.1 Electrodes 4.3 Fiber Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells in a Twisting Structure 4.3.1 Working Electrode 4.3.2 Counter Electrodes 4.3.3 Electrolytes 4.4 Fiber Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell in a Coaxial Structure 4.5 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell Textiles with an Interlaced Structure 4.6 Multifunctional Fiber Solar Cells 4.7 Perspective References 5 Fiber Polymer Solar Cells 5.1 Overview of Polymer Solar Cells 5.1.1 Working Mechanism 5.1.2 Structure 5.1.3 Materials 5.1.4 Characterization 5.1.5 Summary 5.2 Overview of Fiber Polymer Solar Cells 5.2.1 Fiber Polymer Solar Cells with Twisting Structure 5.2.2 Fiber Polymer Solar Cells in a Coaxial Structure 5.3 Fiber Polymer Solar Cells Based on Carbon Nanotubes 5.4 Polymer Solar Cell Textiles with Interlaced Structure 5.5 Perspective References 6 Fiber Perovskite Solar Cells 6.1 Overview of Perovskite Solar Cells 6.1.1 Working Mechanism 6.1.2 Structure 6.1.3 Material 6.1.4 Summary 6.2 Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells 6.3 Fiber Perovskite Solar Cells 6.3.1 Fabrication Process 6.3.2 Fiber Perovskite Solar Cells Working at a Wide Temperature Range 6.3.3 Stretchable Fiber Perovskite Solar Cells 6.4 Perspective References 7 Fiber Supercapacitors 7.1 Overview of Supercapacitors 7.1.1 Energy-Storage Mechanism 7.1.2 Electrode Materials 7.1.3 Electrolytes 7.2 Fiber Supercapacitors 7.2.1 Overview 7.2.2 Configuration 7.2.3 Fabrication 7.3 High-Performance Fiber Supercapacitors 7.3.1 Symmetrical Fiber Supercapacitors 7.3.2 Asymmetrical Fiber Supercapacitors 7.4 Multifunctional Fiber Supercapacitors 7.4.1 Stretchable Fiber Supercapacitors 7.4.2 Chromatic Fiber Supercapacitors 7.4.3 Self-healable Fiber Supercapacitors 7.4.4 Shape-Memory Fiber Supercapacitors 7.4.5 Fluorescent Fiber Supercapacitors 7.5 Perspective References 8 Fiber Electrochemical Batteries 8.1 Overview of Electrochemical Batteries 8.1.1 Composition of the Battery 8.1.2 Classification of Batteries 8.1.3 Working Principle of the Battery 8.2 Fiber Lithium-Ion Batteries 8.2.1 Fiber CNT/MnO2 Cathode 8.2.2 Fiber CNT/Si Anode 8.2.3 Fiber LiMn2O4-Si Battery 8.2.4 Fiber LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12 Battery 8.3 Fiber Metal–Air Batteries 8.3.1 Fiber Li–Air Batteries 8.3.2 Fiber Zn–Air Batteries 8.3.3 Fiber Al–Air Batteries 8.3.4 Fiber Li–CO2 Batteries 8.4 Aqueous Fiber Batteries 8.4.1 Aqueous Fiber Lithium-Ion Batteries 8.4.2 Aqueous Fiber Zn-Ion Batteries 8.5 Other Electrochemical Fiber Batteries 8.5.1 Fiber Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 8.5.2 Fiber Nickel Bismuth Batteries 8.6 Perspective References 9 Fiber Light-Emitting Devices 9.1 Overview of Light-Emitting Devices 9.2 Performance Characterization 9.3 Fiber Organic Light-Emitting Diodes 9.3.1 Overview 9.3.2 Working Mechanism 9.3.3 Structure 9.3.4 Materials 9.3.5 OLED Processing Technology 9.3.6 Fiber OLED 9.4 Fiber Polymer Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells 9.4.1 Overview 9.4.2 Working Mechanism 9.4.3 Structure 9.4.4 Fiber PLEC 9.5 Fiber Inorganic Light-Emitting Devices 9.5.1 ZnS-Based Luminescent Materials 9.5.2 Mechanoluminescent Fiber 9.5.3 AC Electroluminescent Fibers 9.6 Perspective References 10 Fiber Sensors 10.1 Overview of Flexible Sensors 10.1.1 Development of Flexible Sensors 10.1.2 Flexible Physical Sensors 10.1.3 Flexible Chemical Sensors 10.2 Fiber Sensors for Detecting Physical Signals 10.2.1 Strain and Pressure Fiber Sensors 10.2.2 Ultraviolet Sensors 10.2.3 Temperature Sensors 10.2.4 Brain Electrical Fiber Sensors 10.3 Fiber Sensors for Detecting Chemical Signals 10.3.1 Wearable Chemical Fiber Sensors Monitoring Analytes in Sweat 10.3.2 Implantable Chemical Fiber Sensors Monitoring Analytes in Tumor and Blood 10.3.3 Implantable Chemical Fiber Sensors Monitoring Analytes in Cerebrospinal Fluid 10.3.4 Implantable Organic Electrochemical Transistor Monitoring Analytes in Cerebrospinal Fluid 10.4 Perspective References 11 Fiber Memristors 11.1 Overview of Memristors 11.1.1 The History of Memristors 11.1.2 Structure 11.1.3 Working Mechanism 11.1.4 Materials 11.2 Fiber Memristors 11.2.1 Construction of Fiber Memristors 11.2.2 Key Performance of Fiber Memristors 11.2.3 Application of Fiber Memristors 11.3 Perspective References 12 Other Fiber Electronic Devices 12.1 Fiber Communication Devices 12.1.1 Overview of Communication Devices 12.1.2 History of Development 12.1.3 Mechanism of Radiating 12.1.4 Categories 12.1.5 Structure 12.1.6 Key Parameters of Fiber Communication Devices 12.1.7 Influencing Factors 12.1.8 Construction of Fiber Communication Devices 12.1.9 Applications of Fiber Communication Devices 12.1.10 Optical Fiber Communication Devices 12.2 Fiber Electronic Medicines for Tumor Treatment 12.3 Perspective References 13 Continuous Fabrication of Fiber Devices 13.1 Overview 13.2 Large-Scale Manufacturing Techniques of Planar Devices 13.3 Continuous Fabrication Techniques of Fiber Electrodes 13.3.1 Metal-Based Fiber Electrodes 13.3.2 Carbon-Based Fiber Electrodes 13.3.3 Polymer Fiber Electrodes 13.4 Continuous Fabrication Techniques of Fiber Devices 13.4.1 Coating 13.4.2 Wet Spinning 13.4.3 Thermal Drawing 13.4.4 Twisting 13.4.5 3D Printing 13.5 Continuous Knitting and Integration of Fiber Devices 13.6 Perspective References 14 Integrated Fiber Devices 14.1 Integrated Devices 14.1.1 All-in-One Device 14.1.2 Assembled Devices 14.2 Integrated Fiber Devices 14.2.1 Integrated Solar Cell and Supercapacitor 14.2.2 Integrated Solar Cell and Lithium-Ion Battery 14.2.3 Integrated Lithium-Ion Battery and Supercapacitor 14.2.4 Stretchable Integrated Fiber Device 14.3 Perspective References 15 Packaging of Fiber Electronic Devices 15.1 Overview of Packaging Materials 15.1.1 Function and Requirement of Packaging Materials 15.1.2 Properties of Different Packaging Materials 15.1.3 Packaging Methods 15.2 Packaging Technologies of Fiber Devices 15.2.1 Packaging Materials of Fiber Light-Emitting Devices 15.2.2 Packaging Materials of Fiber Lithium-Ion Batteries 15.3 Packaging Methods of Fiber Devices 15.3.1 Packaging Methods of Fiber Light-Emitting Devices 15.3.2 Packaging Methods of Fiber Lithium-Ion Batteries 15.4 Perspective References 16 Smart Textiles 16.1 Overview of Smart Textiles 16.2 Photovoltaic Textiles 16.2.1 Dye-Sensitized Solar Sell Textiles 16.2.2 Polymer Solar Cell Textiles 16.2.3 Perovskite Solar Cell Textiles 16.3 Energy-Storage Textiles 16.3.1 Supercapacitor Textiles 16.3.2 Battery Textiles 16.4 Multifunctional Textiles 16.4.1 Light-Emitting Textiles 16.4.2 Sensor Textiles 16.4.3 Integrated Textiles 16.5 Perspective References 17 Summary and Outlook 17.1 Advantages 17.1.1 Flexibility 17.1.2 Miniaturization 17.1.3 Weavability 17.1.4 Wearability 17.1.5 Implantability 17.1.6 Continuous Fabrication 17.1.7 Others 17.2 Applications 17.2.1 Portable and Miniature Electronics 17.2.2 Outdoor Applications 17.2.3 Wearable and Implantable Applications 17.3 Challenges and Directions 17.3.1 Fiber Electrode 17.3.2 The Capacity for Energy Harvesting and Storage 17.3.3 Stability 17.3.4 Safety 17.3.5 Scale-Up Fabrication References