The New Dialectic. Conversational Contexts of Argument

Description

Because developments in informal logic have been based, for the most part, on idealized and abstract models, the tools available for argument analysis are not easily adapted to the needs of everyday argumentation In this book Douglas Walton proposes a new and practical approach to argument analysis based on his theory that different standards for argument must apply in the case of different types of dialogue By refining and extending the existing formal classifications of dialogue, Walton shows that each dialogue type, be it inquiry, negotiation, or critical discussion, has its own set of goals He goes on to demonstrate that an argument can best be evaluated m terms of its contribution, positive or negative, to the goals of the particular dialogue it is meant to further In this way he illustrates how argument can be brought into the service of many types of dialogue, and thus has valuable uses that go well beyond the mere settling of disputes and differences By reaching back to the Aristotelian roots of logic as an applied, practical discipline and by formulating a new framework of rationality for evaluating arguments, Douglas Walton restores a much-needed balance to argument analysis This book complements and extends his Argument Structure A Pragmatic Theory Title page ......Page 3 Copyright page ......Page 4 Contents ......Page 7 Acknowledgments ......Page 11 1. Introduction ......Page 15 1. Statement of Purpose ......Page 16 2. Informal Logic and Fallacies ......Page 19 3. Aristotle's Five Types of Arguments ......Page 23 4. The Waning of Dialectic ......Page 26 5. Locke's Four Kinds of Arguments ......Page 28 6. Fallacies of Relevance ......Page 33 7. Other Important Fallacies ......Page 37 8. The New Approach to Dialectic ......Page 40 9. Types of Dialogue ......Page 42 10. Dialectical Relevance ......Page 46 1. Main characteristics ......Page 49 2. Argument in persuasion dialogue ......Page 53 3. Commitment ......Page 55 4. Critical discussion ......Page 58 5. Nonexplicit commitments ......Page 61 6. Rigorous and persmissive persuasion dialogue ......Page 65 7. Maieutic function ......Page 69 8. The problem of enthymemes ......Page 72 9. Relevance in persuasion dialogue ......Page 75 10. Evaluating criticisms of irrelevance ......Page 77 3. The Inquiry ......Page 81 1. Main characteristics ......Page 82 2. Advancing states of knowledge ......Page 84 3. Aristotelian demonstration ......Page 88 4. Is scientific argumentation an inquiry? ......Page 90 5. Other subtypes of inquiry ......Page 93 6. Argument and explanation ......Page 97 7. Black and Beardsley on the inquiry ......Page 99 8. Cases of public inquiries ......Page 103 9. Profiles of dialogue in the inquiry ......Page 106 10. Relevance in the inquiry ......Page 109 1. Main characteristics......Page 112 2. Subtypes ......Page 115 3. The Game-Theory model of negotiation ......Page 116 4. Commitment in negotiation dialogue ......Page 118 5. Relevance and irrelevance ......Page 121 6. Threats as arguments ......Page 125 7. Dialectical shifts from negotiation ......Page 128 8. Solutions for deadlock ......Page 131 9. Bias and advocacy ......Page 133 10. Advocacy advertising ......Page 134 1. Main characteristics ......Page 138 2. the interview ......Page 142 3. Searching a database ......Page 144 4. Position to know ......Page 146 5. Classification of questions ......Page 148 6. Presuppositions of questions ......Page 152 7. How can a question be a fallacy? ......Page 153 8. Expert consulting dialogue ......Page 155 9. Peirastic and exetastic dialogues ......Page 157 10. Relevance in information-seeking dialogue ......Page 159 1. Main characteristics ......Page 163 2. Practical reasoning ......Page 165 3. Argument from consequences ......Page 169 4. The dilemma ......Page 172 5. Stages and dynamic aspects of deliberation ......Page 173 6. Aristotle's account of deliberation ......Page 178 7. the town hall meeting ......Page 181 8. Public and political deliberation ......Page 183 9. Relevance in deliberation ......Page 185 10. Relevance across joined dialogues ......Page 187 1. The quarrel as paradigm ......Page 190 2. Eristic dialogue ......Page 193 3. Stages of the quarrel ......Page 195 4. Closed attitude of eristic dialogue ......Page 200 5. Plato on eristic argument ......Page 201 6. Aristotle on contentious argument ......Page 203 7. Modern revival of eristic argument ......Page 205 8. Relevance in eristic dialogue ......Page 207 9. Subtypes of eristic dialogue ......Page 208 10. Identifying characteristics of eristic dialogue ......Page 210 1. Types of shifts ......Page 212 2. Licit and illicit shifts ......Page 214 3. Licit shifts to and from expert consultation dialogue ......Page 217 4. Illicit shifts and fallacious arguments ......Page 219 5. The infomercial ......Page 220 6. Deceptive format ......Page 222 7. Succes and evolution of infomercials ......Page 224 8. Educational and print formats ......Page 226 9. Contextual evidence for retrospective evaluation ......Page 228 10. Obstruction of goals by dialectical shifts ......Page 229 1. The case of question period ......Page 232 2. The problem of fallacies in political discourse ......Page 235 3. Political debates as mixed discourse ......Page 237 4. Evaluating arguments in political discourse ......Page 238 5. The case of sales dialogue ......Page 241 6. Evaluating fallacies in sales dialogue ......Page 244 7. Argumentation in a legal trial ......Page 246 8. Pedagogical dialogue ......Page 249 9. Aristotle's five types of arguments revisited ......Page 251 10. Aristotle on dialectical argument ......Page 254 10. The Dialectical Method of Evaluating Arguments ......Page 259 1. Argument evaluation ......Page 260 2. The four-step method ......Page 263 3. Evaluating dialectical relevance ......Page 266 4. Evaluating a case for relevance ......Page 268 5. Fallacies, blunders, and errors ......Page 271 6. Fallacies and dialectical shifts ......Page 275 7. Fallacies reconceptualized in the New Dialectic ......Page 279 8. Dialectical advice for using these arguments ......Page 283 9. Evidence required to support a dialectical evaluation ......Page 286 10. Prospects for the New Dialectic ......Page 289 2. ......Page 293 3. ......Page 294 5. ......Page 295 7. ......Page 296 10. ......Page 297 References ......Page 299 Index ......Page 309