Experience Psychology

Description

Some students take psychology...others experience it! Informed by student data, Experience Psychology helps students understand and appreciate psychology as an integrated whole. The personalized, adaptive learning program, thought-provoking examples, and interactive assessments help students see psychology in the world around them and experience it in everyday life. Cover......Page 1 Title Page......Page 2 Copyright Page......Page 3 About the Author......Page 4 Dedication......Page 5 Brief Contents......Page 6 Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 13 1 The Science of Psychology......Page 26 1 Defining Psychology and Exploring Its Roots......Page 27 The Psychological Frame of Mind......Page 28 Psychology as the Science of All Human Behavior......Page 29 Psychology in Historical Perspective......Page 31 2 Contemporary Approaches to Psychology......Page 33 The Psychodynamic Approach......Page 34 The Evolutionary Approach......Page 35 Summing up the Seven Contemporary Approaches......Page 36 3 Psychology’s Scientific Method......Page 38 Descriptive Research......Page 42 Correlational Research......Page 45 Experimental Research......Page 48 INTERSECTION: Personality, Developmental, and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Why Do We Grow Up, Psychologically?......Page 49 Applications of the Three Types of Research......Page 53 The Research Sample......Page 54 The Research Setting......Page 55 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: The Global Science of Happiness......Page 56 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are We Truly “Ourselves” Online and Does It Matter?......Page 58 Ethics Guidelines......Page 59 The Ethics of Research with Animals......Page 60 The Place of Values in Psychological Research......Page 61 Encountering Psychology in Everyday Life......Page 62 Appreciating Psychology as the Science of You......Page 63 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 65 2 The Brain and Behavior......Page 66 Characteristics of the Nervous System......Page 67 Pathways in the Nervous System......Page 68 Divisions of the Nervous System......Page 69 Specialized Cell Structure......Page 71 The Neural Impulse......Page 72 Synapses and Neurotransmitters......Page 74 3 Structures of the Brain and Their Functions......Page 79 How Researchers Study the Brain and Nervous System......Page 80 How the Brain Is Organized......Page 82 INTERSECTION: Neuroscience and Environmental Psychology: How Does Spending Time in Nature Affect the Brain?......Page 83 The Cerebral Cortex......Page 88 The Cerebral Hemispheres and Split-Brain Research......Page 91 Integration of Function in the Brain......Page 94 4 The Endocrine System......Page 95 The Brain’s Plasticity and Capacity for Repair......Page 97 Brain Tissue Implants......Page 98 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Protecting the Athlete’s Brain......Page 99 Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA......Page 100 The Study of Genetics......Page 101 Genes and the Environment......Page 104 SUMMARY......Page 106 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 107 3 Sensation and Perception......Page 108 The Processes and Purposes of Sensation and Perception......Page 109 Sensory Receptors and the Brain......Page 111 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Why Does a Cell Phone Look Like a Gun?......Page 112 Thresholds......Page 115 Perceiving Sensory Stimuli......Page 117 2 The Visual System......Page 120 The Visual Stimulus and the Eye......Page 121 Visual Processing in the Brain......Page 124 Color Vision......Page 126 Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy......Page 128 Structures and Functions of the Ear......Page 134 Theories of Hearing......Page 137 Localizing Sound......Page 138 4 Other Senses......Page 139 The Skin Senses......Page 140 INTERSECTION: Sensation and Social Psychology: Why Do Some People Literally Feel What Others Feel?......Page 141 The Chemical Senses......Page 142 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Why Salt Is the Salt of the Earth......Page 144 The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses......Page 145 SUMMARY......Page 147 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 148 4 States of Consciousness......Page 149 1 The Nature of Consciousness......Page 150 Theory of Mind......Page 151 Levels of Awareness......Page 152 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are There Benefits to Mind Wandering?......Page 154 Biological Rhythms and Sleep......Page 156 Why Do We Need Sleep?......Page 158 Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep......Page 159 Sleep Throughout the Life Span......Page 162 INTERSECTION: Sleep and Neuroscience: Does Sleep Deprivation Affect Neurons?......Page 163 Sleep and Disease......Page 164 Sleep Disorders......Page 165 Dreams......Page 167 Uses of Psychoactive Drugs......Page 169 Types of Psychoactive Drugs......Page 171 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Responding to the Opioid Crisis......Page 176 The Nature of Hypnosis......Page 181 Explaining Hypnosis......Page 182 Uses of Hypnosis......Page 183 Mindfulness Meditation......Page 184 Lovingkindness Meditation......Page 185 Getting Started with Meditation......Page 186 SUMMARY......Page 187 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 188 5 Learning......Page 189 1 Types of Learning......Page 190 Pavlov’s Studies......Page 192 Classical Conditioning in Humans......Page 196 INTERSECTION: Learning and Health Psychology: Can Classical Conditioning Help Combat Obesity?......Page 198 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Marketing Between the Lines......Page 200 3 Operant Conditioning......Page 201 Thorndike’s Law of Effect......Page 202 Skinner’s Approach to Operant Conditioning......Page 203 Principles of Reinforcement......Page 204 Applied Behavior Analysis......Page 211 4 Observational Learning......Page 212 Purposive Behavior......Page 215 Insight Learning......Page 216 Biological Constraints......Page 218 Psychological Constraints......Page 220 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Do Learning Styles Matter to Learning?......Page 221 SUMMARY......Page 223 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 224 6 Memory......Page 225 1 The Nature of Memory......Page 226 INTERSECTION: Cognitive Psychology and Developmental Psychology: How Does Reminiscing Affect Our Relationships and Our Development?......Page 227 Levels of Processing......Page 228 Elaboration......Page 229 Imagery......Page 230 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Why Is the Pen Mightier Than the Keyboard?......Page 231 3 Memory Storage......Page 232 Sensory Memory......Page 233 Short-Term Memory......Page 234 Long-Term Memory......Page 237 4 Memory Retrieval......Page 244 Serial Position Effect......Page 245 Retrieval Cues and the Retrieval Task......Page 246 Special Cases of Retrieval......Page 247 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Using Psychological Research to Improve Police Lineups......Page 252 Encoding Failure......Page 254 Retrieval Failure......Page 255 Organizing, Encoding, Rehearsing, and Retrieving Course Content......Page 258 Autobiographical Memory and the Life Story......Page 260 Keeping Memory Sharp......Page 261 SUMMARY......Page 262 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 264 7 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language......Page 265 1 The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology......Page 266 2 Thinking......Page 268 Concepts......Page 269 Problem Solving......Page 270 Reasoning and Decision Making......Page 271 Thinking Critically and Creatively......Page 277 3 Intelligence......Page 279 Measuring Intelligence......Page 280 INTERSECTION: Cognitive and Health Psychology: Does Thinking Fast Relate to Living Longer?......Page 283 Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence......Page 284 Extremes of Intelligence......Page 287 Theories of Multiple Intelligences......Page 289 4 Language......Page 291 Language and Cognition......Page 292 Biological and Environmental Influences on Language......Page 295 Language Development over the Life Span......Page 298 SUMMARY......Page 301 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 302 8 Human Development......Page 303 Research Methods in Developmental Psychology......Page 304 Do Early Experiences Rule Us for Life?......Page 305 Nature, Nurture, and You......Page 306 Three Domains of Development......Page 307 Prenatal Physical Development......Page 308 Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood......Page 310 Physical Development in Adolescence......Page 313 Physical Development in Adulthood......Page 315 Cognitive Development from Childhood into Adulthood......Page 318 Cognitive Processes in Adulthood......Page 325 Socioemotional Development in Infancy......Page 327 Erikson’s Theory of Socioemotional Development......Page 329 5 Gender Development......Page 337 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Human Identities and the Changing Gender Landscape......Page 338 Cognitive Aspects of Gender Development......Page 339 Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development......Page 340 6 Moral Development......Page 341 Critics of Kohlberg......Page 342 Moral Development in a Socioemotional Context......Page 343 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are Children Natural Helpers?......Page 344 Terror Management Theory: A Cultural Shield against Mortality......Page 345 Bonanno’s Theory of Grieving......Page 346 8 Active Development as a Lifelong Process......Page 347 SUMMARY......Page 348 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 349 9 Motivation and Emotion......Page 350 The Evolutionary Approach......Page 351 Optimum Arousal Theory......Page 352 The Biology of Hunger......Page 354 Obesity......Page 356 The Biology of Sex......Page 357 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: What’s on the Menu and Why It Matters......Page 358 Cognitive and Sensory/Perceptual Factors in Sexuality......Page 359 Cultural Factors in Sexuality......Page 360 Sexual Behavior and Orientation......Page 361 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs......Page 367 Self-Determination Theory......Page 368 Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation......Page 370 Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals......Page 371 INTERSECTION: Motivation and Neuroscience: Can We See Intrinsic Motivation in the Brain?......Page 372 Biological Factors in Emotion......Page 373 Cognitive Factors in Emotion......Page 377 Behavioral Factors in Emotion......Page 378 Sociocultural Factors in Emotion......Page 379 Classifying Emotions......Page 381 Adaptive Functions of Emotions......Page 382 Biological Factors in Happiness......Page 383 Happiness Activities and Goal Striving......Page 384 SUMMARY......Page 386 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 387 10 Personality......Page 388 Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory......Page 389 Psychodynamic Critics and Revisionists......Page 393 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: What’s Your Type?......Page 395 Evaluating the Psychodynamic Perspectives......Page 396 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Does Birth Order Matter to Personality?......Page 397 Maslow’s Approach......Page 398 Rogers’s Approach......Page 399 Evaluating the Humanistic Perspectives......Page 400 Trait Theories......Page 401 The Five-Factor Model of Personality......Page 402 INTERSECTION: Personality and Sleep Science: Are You a Morning Person or an Evening Person and Does It Matter?......Page 406 4 Social Cognitive Perspectives......Page 408 Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory......Page 409 Mischel’s Contributions......Page 410 5 Biological Perspectives......Page 413 Theories Linking Personality and the Brain......Page 414 Personality and Behavioral Genetics......Page 416 Evaluating the Biological Perspectives......Page 417 Self-Report Tests......Page 418 Projective Tests......Page 420 Other Assessment Methods......Page 421 SUMMARY......Page 423 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 424 11 Social Psychology......Page 425 Features of Social Psychology......Page 426 Person Perception......Page 428 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Do We Look Like Our Names?......Page 431 Attribution......Page 432 The Self as a Social Object and Social Comparison......Page 433 Attitudes......Page 434 Persuasion......Page 436 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Making the Sale!......Page 437 Altruism......Page 438 Aggression......Page 441 Attraction......Page 445 Love......Page 446 Models of Close Relationships......Page 447 Conformity and Obedience......Page 448 Group Influence......Page 452 Social Identity......Page 455 Prejudice......Page 456 Improving Intergroup Relations......Page 459 INTERSECTION: Social Psychology and Health Psychology: What Is the Physical and Psychological Cost of Prejudice and Discrimination?......Page 460 SUMMARY......Page 462 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 463 12 Psychological Disorders......Page 464 Three Criteria of Abnormal Behavior......Page 465 Culture, Context, and the Meaning of Abnormal Behavior......Page 466 Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorders......Page 467 Classifying Abnormal Behavior......Page 468 Final Terms and Cautions......Page 469 Autism Spectrum Disorder......Page 470 Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder......Page 474 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Can Adults Develop ADHD?......Page 476 3 Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders......Page 477 Panic Disorder......Page 478 Specific Phobia......Page 479 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder......Page 481 OCD-Related Disorders......Page 482 Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder......Page 483 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Sexual Victimization on Campus......Page 485 Dissociative Disorders......Page 486 INTERSECTION: Clinical Psychology and Cognitive Psychology: How Does PTSD Affect Autobiographical Memory?......Page 487 Depressive Disorders......Page 490 Bipolar Disorder......Page 493 6 Eating Disorders......Page 494 Bulimia Nervosa......Page 495 Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: Causes and Treatments......Page 496 Binge-Eating Disorder: Causes and Treatments......Page 497 Symptoms of Schizophrenia......Page 498 Causes of Schizophrenia......Page 500 8 Personality Disorders......Page 503 Antisocial Personality Disorder......Page 504 Borderline Personality Disorder......Page 505 9 Suicide......Page 506 Consequences of Stigma......Page 509 SUMMARY......Page 511 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 513 13 Therapies......Page 514 The Biological Approach to Therapy......Page 515 The Sociocultural Approach to Therapy......Page 517 Central Issues in Psychotherapy......Page 518 Psychodynamic Therapies......Page 520 Humanistic Therapies......Page 522 INTERSECTION: Clinical Psychology and Social Psychology: Can Authentic Interactions Help Those with Social Anxiety?......Page 523 Behavior Therapies......Page 524 Cognitive Therapies......Page 525 Therapy Integrations......Page 528 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Seeking Therapy? There Is Probably an App for That......Page 529 Drug Therapy......Page 530 Antipsychotic Drugs......Page 532 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are Antidepressants Better Than Placebos?......Page 533 Electroconvulsive Therapy......Page 535 Psychosurgery......Page 536 Group Therapy......Page 537 Self-Help Support Groups......Page 538 Community Mental Health......Page 539 Cultural Perspectives......Page 540 SUMMARY......Page 541 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 542 14 Health Psychology......Page 543 1 Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine......Page 544 Connections between Mind and Body......Page 545 The Stages of Change Model......Page 546 Motivation......Page 550 Social Relationships......Page 551 Religious Faith......Page 552 Personality Characteristics......Page 553 CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: How Powerful Is the Power of Positive Thinking?......Page 555 Stress and Its Stages......Page 556 Stress and the Immune System......Page 557 Stress and Cardiovascular Disease......Page 558 Stress and Cancer......Page 559 Cognitive Appraisal and Coping with Stress......Page 560 Strategies for Successful Coping......Page 561 Stress Management Programs......Page 562 INTERSECTION: Health Psychology and Emotion: How Do Negative Feelings Fit in the Healthy Life?......Page 563 Becoming Physically Active......Page 564 Eating Right......Page 566 PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Environments That Support Active Lifestyles......Page 568 Practicing Safe Sex......Page 569 6 Psychology and Your Good Life......Page 571 SUMMARY......Page 572 ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES......Page 573 Glossary......Page 574 References......Page 583 Name Index......Page 648 Subject Index......Page 662