Experience Psychology

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Cover Title Page Copyright Page About the Author Dedication Brief Contents Contents Preface 1 The Science of Psychology 1 Defining Psychology and Exploring Its Roots The Psychological Frame of Mind Psychology as the Science of All Human Behavior Psychology in Historical Perspective 2 Contemporary Approaches to Psychology The Biological Approach The Behavioral Approach The Psychodynamic Approach The Humanistic Approach The Cognitive Approach The Evolutionary Approach The Sociocultural Approach Summing up the Seven Contemporary Approaches 3 Psychology’s Scientific Method 4 Types of Psychological Research Descriptive Research Correlational Research Experimental Research INTERSECTION: Personality, Developmental, and Cross-Cultural Psychology: Why Do We Grow Up, Psychologically? Applications of the Three Types of Research 5 Research Samples and Settings The Research Sample The Research Setting PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: The Global Science of Happiness CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are We Truly “Ourselves” Online and Does It Matter? 6 Conducting Ethical Research Ethics Guidelines The Ethics of Research with Animals The Place of Values in Psychological Research 7 Learning About Psychology Means Learning About You Encountering Psychology in Everyday Life Appreciating Psychology as the Science of You SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 2 The Brain and Behavior 1 The Nervous System Characteristics of the Nervous System Pathways in the Nervous System Divisions of the Nervous System 2 Neurons Specialized Cell Structure The Neural Impulse Synapses and Neurotransmitters Neural Networks 3 Structures of the Brain and Their Functions How Researchers Study the Brain and Nervous System How the Brain Is Organized INTERSECTION: Neuroscience and Environmental Psychology: How Does Spending Time in Nature Affect the Brain? The Cerebral Cortex The Cerebral Hemispheres and Split-Brain Research Integration of Function in the Brain CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Could Neuroscience Help Identify the Right Brain for the Job? 4 The Endocrine System 5 Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair The Brain’s Plasticity and Capacity for Repair Brain Tissue Implants PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Protecting the Athlete’s Brain 6 Genetics and Behavior Chromosomes, Genes, and DNA The Study of Genetics Genes and the Environment SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 3 Sensation and Perception 1 How We Sense and Perceive the World The Processes and Purposes of Sensation and Perception Sensory Receptors and the Brain CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Why Does a Cell Phone Look Like a Gun? Thresholds Perceiving Sensory Stimuli Sensory Adaptation 2 The Visual System The Visual Stimulus and the Eye Visual Processing in the Brain Color Vision Perceiving Shape, Depth, Motion, and Constancy 3 The Auditory System The Nature of Sound and How We Experience It Structures and Functions of the Ear Theories of Hearing Auditory Processing in the Brain Localizing Sound 4 Other Senses The Skin Senses INTERSECTION: Sensation and Social Psychology: Why Do Some People Literally Feel What Others Feel? The Chemical Senses PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Why Salt Is the Salt of the Earth The Kinesthetic and Vestibular Senses SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 4 States of Consciousness 1 The Nature of Consciousness Defining Consciousness Consciousness and the Brain Theory of Mind Levels of Awareness CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are There Benefits to Mind Wandering? 2 Sleep and Dreams Biological Rhythms and Sleep Why Do We Need Sleep? Stages of Wakefulness and Sleep Sleep Throughout the Life Span INTERSECTION: Sleep and Neuroscience: Does Sleep Deprivation Affect Neurons? Sleep and Disease Sleep Disorders Dreams 3 Psychoactive Drugs Uses of Psychoactive Drugs Types of Psychoactive Drugs PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Responding to the Opioid Crisis 4 Hypnosis The Nature of Hypnosis Explaining Hypnosis Uses of Hypnosis 5 Meditation Mindfulness Meditation Lovingkindness Meditation The Meditative State of Mind Getting Started with Meditation SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 5 Learning 1 Types of Learning 2 Classical Conditioning Pavlov’s Studies Classical Conditioning in Humans INTERSECTION: Learning and Health Psychology: Can Classical Conditioning Help Combat Obesity? PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Marketing Between the Lines 3 Operant Conditioning Defining Operant Conditioning Thorndike’s Law of Effect Skinner’s Approach to Operant Conditioning Shaping Principles of Reinforcement Applied Behavior Analysis 4 Observational Learning 5 Cognitive Factors in Learning Purposive Behavior Insight Learning 6 Biological, Cultural, and Psychological Factors in Learning Biological Constraints Cultural Influences Psychological Constraints CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Do Learning Styles Matter to Learning? SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 6 Memory 1 The Nature of Memory INTERSECTION: Cognitive Psychology and Developmental Psychology: How Does Reminiscing Affect Our Relationships and Our Development? 2 Memory Encoding Attention Levels of Processing Elaboration Imagery CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Why Is the Pen Mightier Than the Keyboard? 3 Memory Storage Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory Long-Term Memory 4 Memory Retrieval Serial Position Effect Retrieval Cues and the Retrieval Task Special Cases of Retrieval PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Using Psychological Research to Improve Police Lineups 5 Forgetting Encoding Failure Retrieval Failure 6 Tips from the Science of Memory—for Studying and for Life Organizing, Encoding, Rehearsing, and Retrieving Course Content Autobiographical Memory and the Life Story Keeping Memory Sharp SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 7 Thinking, Intelligence, and Language 1 The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology 2 Thinking Concepts Problem Solving Reasoning and Decision Making PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Help Wanted: Critical and Creative Thinkers Thinking Critically and Creatively 3 Intelligence Measuring Intelligence INTERSECTION: Cognitive and Health Psychology: Does Thinking Fast Relate to Living Longer? Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence Extremes of Intelligence Theories of Multiple Intelligences 4 Language The Basic Properties of Language Language and Cognition Biological and Environmental Influences on Language CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Can Reducing the “Word Gap” Lead to Better Outcomes for Disadvantaged Children? Language Development over the Life Span SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 8 Human Development 1 Exploring Human Development Research Methods in Developmental Psychology How Do Nature and Nurture Influence Development? Do Early Experiences Rule Us for Life? Nature, Nurture, and You Three Domains of Development 2 Physical Development Prenatal Physical Development Physical Development in Infancy and Childhood Physical Development in Adolescence Physical Development in Adulthood 3 Cognitive Development Cognitive Development from Childhood into Adulthood INTERSECTION: Developmental Psychology and Cognitive Psychology: Do Children Engage in Wishful Thinking? Cognitive Processes in Adulthood 4 Socioemotional Development Socioemotional Development in Infancy Erikson’s Theory of Socioemotional Development 5 Gender Development PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Human Identities and the Changing Gender Landscape Biology and Gender Development Cognitive Aspects of Gender Development Socioemotional Experience and Gender Development Nature and Nurture Revisited: The John/Joan Case 6 Moral Development Kohlberg’s Theory Critics of Kohlberg Moral Development in a Socioemotional Context CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are Children Natural Helpers? 7 Death, Dying, and Grieving Terror Management Theory: A Cultural Shield against Mortality Kübler-Ross’s Stages of Dying Bonanno’s Theory of Grieving Carving Meaning Out of the Reality of Death 8 Active Development as a Lifelong Process SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 9 Motivation and Emotion 1 Theories of Motivation The Evolutionary Approach Drive Reduction Theory Optimum Arousal Theory 2 Hunger and Sex The Biology of Hunger Obesity The Biology of Sex PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: What’s on the Menu and Why It Matters Cognitive and Sensory/Perceptual Factors in Sexuality Cultural Factors in Sexuality Sexual Behavior and Orientation 3 Beyond Hunger and Sex: Motivation in Everyday Life Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs Self-Determination Theory CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Can Watching TV Shows Contribute to Optimal Well-Being? Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation Self-Regulation: The Successful Pursuit of Goals INTERSECTION: Motivation and Neuroscience: Can We See Intrinsic Motivation in the Brain? 4 Emotion Biological Factors in Emotion Cognitive Factors in Emotion Behavioral Factors in Emotion Sociocultural Factors in Emotion Classifying Emotions Adaptive Functions of Emotions 5 Motivation and Emotion: The Pursuit of Happiness Biological Factors in Happiness Obstacles in the Pursuit of Happiness Happiness Activities and Goal Striving SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 10 Personality 1 Psychodynamic Perspectives Freud’s Psychoanalytic Theory Psychodynamic Critics and Revisionists PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: What’s Your Type? Evaluating the Psychodynamic Perspectives CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Does Birth Order Matter to Personality? 2 Humanistic Perspectives Maslow’s Approach Rogers’s Approach Evaluating the Humanistic Perspectives 3 Trait Perspectives Trait Theories The Five-Factor Model of Personality INTERSECTION: Personality and Sleep Science: Are You a Morning Person or an Evening Person and Does It Matter? Evaluating the Trait Perspective 4 Social Cognitive Perspectives Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory Mischel’s Contributions Evaluating the Social Cognitive Perspectives 5 Biological Perspectives Theories Linking Personality and the Brain Personality and Behavioral Genetics Evaluating the Biological Perspectives 6 Personality Assessment Self-Report Tests Projective Tests Other Assessment Methods SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 11 Social Psychology 1 Defining Social Psychology Features of Social Psychology 2 Social Cognition Person Perception CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Do We Look Like Our Names? Attribution The Self as a Social Object and Social Comparison Attitudes Persuasion PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Making the Sale! 3 Social Behavior Altruism Aggression 4 Close Relationships Attraction Love Models of Close Relationships 5 Social Influence and Group Processes Conformity and Obedience Group Influence Social Identity Prejudice Improving Intergroup Relations INTERSECTION: Social Psychology and Health Psychology: What Is the Physical and Psychological Cost of Prejudice and Discrimination? SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 12 Psychological Disorders 1 Defining and Explaining Abnormal Behavior Three Criteria of Abnormal Behavior Culture, Context, and the Meaning of Abnormal Behavior Theoretical Approaches to Psychological Disorders Classifying Abnormal Behavior Final Terms and Cautions 2 Neurodevelopmental Disorders Autism Spectrum Disorder Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Can Adults Develop ADHD? 3 Anxiety and Anxiety-Related Disorders Generalized Anxiety Disorder Panic Disorder Specific Phobia Social Anxiety Disorder Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder OCD-Related Disorders 4 Trauma and Stress-Related Disorders Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Sexual Victimization on Campus Dissociative Disorders INTERSECTION: Clinical Psychology and Cognitive Psychology: How Does PTSD Affect Autobiographical Memory? 5 Disorders Involving Emotion and Mood Depressive Disorders Bipolar Disorder 6 Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa: Causes and Treatments Binge-Eating Disorder Binge-Eating Disorder: Causes and Treatments 7 Schizophrenia Symptoms of Schizophrenia Causes of Schizophrenia 8 Personality Disorders Antisocial Personality Disorder Borderline Personality Disorder 9 Suicide 10 Combatting Stigma Consequences of Stigma Overcoming Stigma SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 13 Therapies 1 Approaches to Treating Psychological Disorders The Psychological Approach to Therapy The Biological Approach to Therapy The Sociocultural Approach to Therapy 2 Psychotherapy Central Issues in Psychotherapy Psychodynamic Therapies Humanistic Therapies INTERSECTION: Clinical Psychology and Social Psychology: Can Authentic Interactions Help Those with Social Anxiety? Behavior Therapies Cognitive Therapies Therapy Integrations PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Seeking Therapy? There Is Probably an App for That 3 Biological Therapies Drug Therapy Antipsychotic Drugs CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: Are Antidepressants Better Than Placebos? Electroconvulsive Therapy Psychosurgery 4 Sociocultural Approaches and Issues in Treatment Group Therapy Family and Couples Therapy Self-Help Support Groups Community Mental Health Cultural Perspectives SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES 14 Health Psychology 1 Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine The Biopsychosocial Model Connections between Mind and Body 2 Making Positive Life Changes Theoretical Models of Change The Stages of Change Model 3 Resources for Effective Life Change Motivation Social Relationships Religious Faith Personality Characteristics CHALLENGE YOUR THINKING: How Powerful Is the Power of Positive Thinking? 4 Toward a Healthier Mind (and Body): Controlling Stress Stress and Its Stages Stress and the Immune System Stress and Cardiovascular Disease Stress and Cancer Cognitive Appraisal and Coping with Stress Strategies for Successful Coping Stress Management Programs INTERSECTION: Health Psychology and Emotion: How Do Negative Feelings Fit in the Healthy Life? 5 Toward a Healthier Body (and Mind): Behaving as If Your Life Depends upon It Becoming Physically Active Eating Right Quitting Tobacco Use PSYCHOLOGY IN OUR WORLD: Environments That Support Active Lifestyles Practicing Safe Sex 6 Psychology and Your Good Life SUMMARY KEY TERMS ANSWERS TO SELF-QUIZZES Glossary References Name Index Subject Index Copyright Title Page Dedication Contents Chapter 1: ‘I’m thinking’ – Oh, but are you? Chapter 2: Renegade perception Chapter 3: The Pushbacker sting Chapter 4: ‘Covid’: The calculated catastrophe Chapter 5: There is no ‘virus’ Chapter 6: Sequence of deceit Chapter 7: War on your mind Chapter 8: ‘Reframing’ insanity Chapter 9: We must have it? So what is it? Chapter 10: Human 2.0 Chapter 11: Who controls the Cult? Chapter 12: Escaping Wetiko Postscript Appendix: Cowan-Kaufman-Morell Statement on Virus Isolation Bibliography Index