Smart 3D Nanoprinting: Fundamentals, Materials, and Applications

Description

Examining smart 3D printing at the nanoscale, this book discusses various methods of fabrication, the presence of inherent defects and their annihilation, property analysis, and emerging applications across an array of industries. The book serves to bridge the gap between the concept of nanotechnology and the tailorable properties of smart 3D-print products. FEATURES Covers surface and interface analysis and smart technologies in 3D nanoprinting Details different materials, such as polymers, metals, semiconductors, glassceramics, and composites, as well as their selection criteria, fabrication, and defect analysis at nanoscale Describes optimization and modeling and the effect of machine parameters on 3D-printed products Discusses critical barriers and opportunities Explores emerging applications in manufacturing industries, such as aerospace, healthcare, automotive, energy, construction, and defense Smart 3D Nanoprinting: Fundamentals, Materials, and Applications is aimed at advanced students, researchers, and industry professionals in materials, manufacturing, chemical, and mechanical engineering. This book offers readers a comprehensive overview of the properties, opportunities, and applications of smart 3D nanoprinting. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Editors 1. 3D Printing for Hybrid Nanocomposites: Selection Criteria, Fabrication and Defect Analysis 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Hybrid Nanocomposites 1.3 Selection Criteria of Components in Hybrid Composites 1.3.1 Feedstock Composition 1.3.2 Thermophysical Properties 1.3.3 Rheological Properties 1.4 Fabrication Method in 3D Printing Using Hybrid Nanocomposites 1.4.1 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 1.4.2 Direct Ink Writing (DIW) or Robocasting 1.4.3 Digital Light Process (DLP) 1.5 Defect Analysis 1.5.1 Defect Types 1.5.1.1 Porosity 1.5.1.2 Anisotropic Properties 1.5.1.3 Distortion and Cracking 1.5.1.4 Stringing 1.5.2 Detection Methods 1.5.2.1 X-Ray Microcomputed Tomography (µ-XCT or MicroCT) 1.5.2.2 Infrared (IR) Detection 1.5.2.3 Ultrasonic Evaluation 1.5.2.4 Machine Learning-Based Detection Methods 1.6 Conclusion References 2. 3D Nanoprinting in the Aero-Industries 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Additive Manufacturing 2.1.2 Additive Manufacturing Methods 2.1.2.1 Laminated Object Manufacturing (LOM) 2.1.2.2 Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 2.1.2.3 Stereolithography (SL) 2.1.2.4 Polyjet 2.1.2.5 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 2.1.2.6 Electron Beam Melting (EBM) 2.1.2.7 Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) 2.1.2.8 Three-Dimensional Printing (3DP) 2.1.2.9 Prometal 2.1.3 Importance of Additive Manufacturing for Aero Industries 2.2 Materials Used in Additive Manufacturing 2.2.1 Nanoscale Materials Used in Additive Manufacturing 2.3 Challenges 2.4 Applications and Trends 2.5 Conclusion References 3. Smart 3D Nano-Printing in Automobile Industry 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Material and Techniques Used in the Automobile Industry 3.2.1 Materials 3.2.1.1 Plastics 3.2.1.2 ABS 3.2.1.3 PLA 3.2.1.4 Polycarbonate 3.2.1.5 Polyamides 3.2.1.6 Polypropylene 3.2.1.7 Metals 3.2.1.8 Composites 3.2.2 Various Techniques 3.2.2.1 SDL 3.2.2.2 EBM 3.2.2.3 DLP 3.2.2.4 MULTIJET FUSION 3.2.2.5 POLYJET 3.2.2.6 SLM/DSLM 3.2.2.7 SLA 3.2.2.8 SLS 3.2.2.9 FDM 3.3 Recent Developments 3.4 3D Printed Automobile Parts 3.4.1 Automakers in the 3D Printing Business 3.4.1.1 Ford Motors 3.4.1.2 BMW 3.4.1.3 Volkswagen 3.4.1.4 McLaren 3.4.1.5 Porsche 3.4.1.6 General Electric 3.4.1.7 AUDI 3.4.1.8 Buggati Veyron 3.4.1.9 Rolls-Royce 3.4.2 Additional Applications 3.4.2.1 Cadillac Blackwing V-Series 3.4.2.2 Brake Ducts in Aston Martin 3.4.2.3 Parking Brake Brackets 3.4.2.4 Gear Lever and Pedals 3.4.2.5 3D Printed Ceramic Disc Rotor for Radar Antennae 3.4.2.6 Bike Modelling 3.4.2.7 Opportunities for Small Shop Owners 3.5 Advantages 3.6 Future Scope 3.7 Conclusions References 4. 3D Nanoprinting in the Biomedical/Health Care Applications 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Fused-Deposition Modelling (FDM) 4.1.2 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 4.1.3 Stereolithography 4.2 Nanofibers 4.3 Cell Printing and Implantation 4.4 Design of Scaffolds and Printing of Mammalian Cells or Tissue 4.5 Material for Cell Printing 4.6 Regulatory Aspects Related to 3D Printing 4.7 Limitations 4.8 Conclusion References 5. 3D Printing of 2D Nanomaterials 5.1 Introduction 5.2 2D Materials for Inks 5.2.1 Graphene 5.2.2 MXene 5.2.3 MoS2 5.2.4 Black Phosphorous 5.2.5 Hexagonal Boron Nitride (hBN) 5.3 Practical Applications of 3D Printing for 2D Materials Based Nano Structures 5.3.1 Hexagonal Boron Nitride Based Nanocomposites 5.3.2 Use of 3D Printing Based (MXene) Ink for Fabrication of Micro-Supercapacitors 5.3.3 3D Printing of MoS2-Graphene Based Aerogels for Anodes of Sodium Ion Batteries 5.3.4 3D Printing of 2D Materials Based on Alignment 5.3.5 3D-Printed Graphene for Biological Biosensors 5.3.6 3D Printing of PVA/Hexagonal Boron Nitride Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering 5.4 Extrusion Based 3D Printing of 2D Materials 5.4.1 3D Printing of Nanomaterials-Based Electrodes for Batteries 5.4.2 Extrusion Based Printing for Electrochemical Capacitors 5.4.3 Extrusion Printed Sensing Devices 5.4.3.1 Temperature Sensors 5.4.3.2 Chemical Sensors 5.4.3.3 Strain Sensors 5.5 Conclusion References 6. SMART Nano-Sensors via 3D Printing Technology 6.1 Introduction to Sensors 6.1.1 Classification of Sensors 6.1.2 Nano-Sensors 6.2 Overview of Additive Manufacturing 6.2.1 Additive Manufacturing's (3D Printing) Potential Applications 6.2.2 Methods of Additive Manufacturing for Nano-Sensor Fabrication 6.3 Classification of 3D-Printed Nano-Sensors 6.3.1 3D-Printed Physical Nano-Sensors 6.3.1.1 Mechanical Nano-Sensor 6.3.1.2 Strain Sensors 6.3.1.3 Accelerometer Sensor 6.3.1.4 Displacement Sensor 6.3.1.5 Force Sensors 6.3.1.6 Stress Sensors 6.3.1.7 Flow Rate Sensors 6.3.1.8 Temperature Sensors 6.3.1.9 Particle Sensors 6.3.1.10 Tactile Sensors 6.3.2 3D-Printed Bio-NanoSensors 6.3.2.1 Biomolecular Sensors 6.3.2.2 Immunosensors 6.3.2.3 Microbial Sensors 6.3.2.4 Cell-Based Sensors 6.3.2.5 Bionic Sensors 6.3.3 3D-Printed Chemical Sensors 6.3.3.1 Liquid Sensors 6.3.3.2 Gas Sensors 6.3.3.3 pH Sensors 6.3.4 Nanomaterials for Nano-Sensors 6.3.5 Applications of Nano-Sensors in Robotics 6.4 Summary and Conclusions 6.4.1 Challenges 6.4.2 Future Prospects Acknowledgement References 7. 3D Nanoprinting in the Biomedical Industries 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Challenges in Conventional Medication 7.3 Nanotechnology Based 3D Printing 7.4 Application of 3D-Based Nanoprinting in Healthcare 7.5 Regulatory Constraints 7.6 Conclusion Acknowledgment References 8. 3D Printing of Nanocomposites 8.1 Introduction 8.2 3D Printing of Nanocomposites 8.3 Matrix Material for 3D Printing of Nanocomposites 8.4 Mechanical Strength of 3D Printed Nanocomposites 8.4.1 Tensile Strength 8.4.2 Compressive Strength 8.4.3 Flexural Strength 8.5 Thermal Properties of 3D-Printed Nanocomposites 8.6 3D-Printed Nanocomposites and Biomimicry 8.7 3D-Printed Nanocomposites in Biomedical Application References 9. Nanomaterial Used in 3D Printing Technology 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Nanocomposites in Conjunction to Additive Manufacturing Technology 9.1.2 Developments of Additive Manufcturing Technology: 3D Printing 9.1.3 3D Print Material Optimization 9.1.4 Other Applications of Nanoparticle-Based Modified Materials 9.1.5 Scope of Nanoparticle-Based Materials in Construction Industry 9.2 Additive Manufacturing Technology and the Construction Industry 9.3 Summary References 10. 3D Printed Batteries: Architecture, Nanomaterials Processing, Properties, and Performance 10.1 Introduction 10.2 3D Printing Techniques for Battery Manufacturing 10.2.1 Overview 10.2.2 Direct Ink Writing (DIW) 10.2.3 Inkjet Printing (IJP) 10.2.4 Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) 10.2.5 Stereolithography (SLA) 10.2.6 Selective Laser Sintering (SLS) 10.3 3D-Printable Nanomaterials for Battery Components 10.3.1 Overview 10.3.2 Cathode Materials 10.3.3 Anode Materials 10.3.4 Electrolyte Materials 10.3.5 Separator, Current Collector, and Packaging Materials 10.4 3D Construction Strategies for Printed Batteries 10.4.1 Overview 10.4.2 Sandwich Structures 10.4.3 Integrated Structures 10.4.4 Concentric Micropillar Arrays 10.4.5 3D Scaffolds 10.4.6 Fibres 10.5 Performance of 3D-Printed Batteries 10.6 Conclusions, Challenges, and Future Outlook References 11. Evaluation of Dimensional Inaccuracy in 3D Printed Products: A Brief Overview 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Dimensional Accuracy 11.3 Dimensional Precision in Photo Polymerization Process 11.4 Dimensional Precision in Other AM Process 11.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects References 12. 3D Nanoprinting in Oral Health Care Applications 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Applications of 3D Nanoprinting in Dentistry 12.3 3D Nanoprinting and Digital Dental Workflow: From Digital Model to 3D Printing 12.3.1 3D Printing Technologies 12.4 3D Nanoprinting in Dental Materials and Prosthesis 12.4.1 Materials Used for 3D/4D Printing in Dentistry 12.4.2 3D Printing Applications in Prosthetics 12.5 3D Nanoprinting in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Bone Regeneration, and Tissue Engineering 12.5.1 Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 12.5.2 Bone Regeneration and Tissue Engineering 12.6 3D Nanoprinting in Ednodontics, Orthodontics, and Oral Medicine 12.6.1 3D Printing in Endodontics 12.6.2 3D Printing in Orthodontics and Oral Medicine 12.7 Future Directions References 13. 3D Printing of Smart Materials: A Path toward Evolution of 4D Printing 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Classification of Smart Materials 13.2.1 Shape Memory Alloys (SMAs) 13.2.2 Shape Memory Polymers (SMPs) 13.2.2.1 Thermo-Responsive SMP 13.2.2.2 Moisture-Responsive SMP 13.2.2.3 Chemo-Responsive SMP 13.2.2.4 Photo-Responsive SMP 13.2.3 Hydrogel 13.2.4 Liquid Crystal Elastomers (LCEs) 13.2.5 Dielectric Elastomers (DEs) 13.2.6 Ionic Polymer Metal Composites (IMPCs) 13.2.7 Piezoelectric Materials 13.2.8 SMCs and SMHs 13.3 Printers for 4D Printing 13.3.1 FDM 13.3.2 SLA 13.3.3 SLS 13.3.4 SLM 13.3.5 Polyjet Printer 13.4 Summary References 14. Performance of Smart Alloys in Manufacturing Processes during Subtractive and Additive Manufacturing: A Short Review on SMA and Metal Alloys 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Material Processing of Smart Materials 14.3 Subtractive Manufacturing of Smart Materials 14.4 Additive Manufacturing of Smart Materials 14.5 Properties and Performance 14.5.1 Mechanical Properties 14.5.2 Wear Resistance 14.5.3 Surface Finish 14.5.4 Porosity 14.6 Conclusion and Aspects of Research References 15. Manufacturing of 3D Print Biocompatible Shape Memory Alloys 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Additive Manufacturing Techniques 15.2.1 History of Additive Manufacturing 15.2.2 Modern Methods of Additive Manufacturing 15.2.2.1 VAT Photopolymerization 15.2.2.2 Material Jetting 15.2.2.3 Material Extrusion 15.2.2.4 Powder Bed Fusion 15.2.2.5 Binder Jetting 15.2.2.6 Direct Energy Deposition 15.2.2.7 Sheet Lamination 15.2.2.8 Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing 15.3 Fabrication Procedure of SMA by AM Techniques 15.3.1 Fabrication of Nitinol by Additive Manufacturing 15.3.1.1 Powder-Based Technique for Fabrication of Nitinol 15.3.1.2 Flow-Based Technique for Fabrication of Nitinol 15.3.2 Fabrication of Copper-Based Alloy by Additive Manufacturing 15.3.2.1 Fabrication of CuAlNi by Selective Laser Melting (SLM) 15.3.2.2 Fabrication of CuAlNiMn by Selective Laser Melting 15.3.3 Fabrication of NiMnGa Alloy by Additive Manufacturing 15.4 Nanoscaled Fabrications of SMA through AM 15.5 Characteristics of SMA Obtained from AM 15.5.1 Mechanical Properties of Additive Manufactured SMA 15.5.2 Fracture Analysis of Additive Manufactured SMA 15.5.3 Dislocations Present in Additive Manufactured SMA 15.5.4 Precipitates Formed in Additive Manufactured SMA 15.5.5 Phase Transformation Temperature of Additive Manufactured SMA 15.6 Merits and Demerits of AM 15.7 Summary References 16. Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) and Nano-Fillers Impact on Shape Memory Properties of 3D Printed Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) Filament 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Experimental Methodology 16.2.1 Materials 16.2.2 Methods 16.2.2.1 Composite Processing 16.2.2.2 3D Printing 16.2.2.3 Force Assembly Fabrication 16.2.3 Apparatus for Characterization 16.2.3.1 ATR-FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy) 16.2.3.2 TGA (Thermogravimetric Analysis) 16.2.4 Shape Memory Properties 16.2.4.1 Compression Test for Spring of Force Assembly 16.2.4.2 Shape Memory Properties Evolution 16.3 Results and Discussions 16.3.1 FTIR Investigation 16.3.2 TGA Analysis 16.3.3 Spring Force Calculation 16.3.4 Shape Memory Properties (SMP) 16.3.4.1 SMP Performance of SMPU Composite Filaments 16.3.4.2 3D Printing Effect on SMP of SMPU 16.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 16.4.1 Forthcoming Prospective and Difficulties 16.4.2 Conclusion References Index