Problems in Comparative Chinese Dialectology: The Classification of Miin and Hakka

Description

This book discusses the methodology of systematic Chinese Dialect classification, with particular attention to the conservative Miin and Hakka groups spoken in southern China. The primary linguistic methodology employed is the historical-comparative method, and the dialects chosen as examples of classification are those spoken in and around the township of Wann'an in western Fukien's Longyan country. The book features extensive comparative tables of dialect forms, and a two-hundred page appendix outlining the diasystem of the four principal Wann'an dialects. 1. The ideas of Chinese dialect classification 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Dialect and the Chinese idea of dialect 1.3. Goals and methods in classification and comparison 1.4. The primacy of data and the cultivation of data 1.5. Reconstruction 1.6. Under-description and the need for correspondence sets 1.7. Rigor in classification — reinventing the wheel 1.8. Bundling of features 1.9. Beentzyh and meaningful elicitation 1.10. To recapitulate 2. Wann’an and the problem of this study 2.1. Wann’an township 2.2. The meaning of the names “Hakka” and “Miin” 2.3. The settlement of Wann’an, its geography, and local trades 2.4. Major sites 2.5. Markets and roads 2.6. The problem of this study: Norman’s diagnostic rules 2.7. Common Miin initial-types 2.8. The “Shawwuu Hypothesis” 3. Wann’an’s affiliation and the cohesiveness of diagnostic features 3.1. The Hakka test 3.2. Comparative Wann’an tones 3.3. The Miin test 3.4. Is Norman’s Hakka criterion an artifact of his sources? 3.5. Evidence from rural Liancherng 3.6. Hakka in general 3.7. Conclusions and prospects for future research on Hakka 4. The character of Wann’an dialects 4.1. Other features of Miin 4.2. The classification of Wann’an within Miin 4.3. Subclassification within Coastal Miin 4.4. Conclusion 5. Wann’an evidence about Common Miin 5.1. A fourth nasal initial correspondence 5.2. Rogue nasalization and evidence of voiceless nasals 5.3. The shaang tone glottal stop in Miin 5.4. Addendum: chiuhsheng lengthening? 6. Conclusion: The place of Miin in the greater history of Chinese 6.1. Introduction 6.2. The question of the history of spoken Chinese 6.3. Chinese linguistic macro-history 6.4. The tonal proto-system of Miin 6.5. A digression on the relative date of tone splitting 6.6. Miin as a relic of Chinese before massive palatalization 6.7. Conclusion and hopes for the future Appendix A: Introduction to the Kengyunn Appendix B: The Kengyunn Appendix C: Index to the Kengyunn Notes References 1. Spelling conventions and special symbols 2. Sources of dialect data 3. Bibliography Index of glosses Index of subjects