Combined Theoretical and Experimental Study of Ice Behavior Under Shock and Explosive Loads

Description

The book presents theoretical and experimental studies of ice fracturing process during impact and explosion load. It shows how to obtain ice in natural and artificial conditions. The book summarizes the results of full-scale experiments for 5 years on undermining ice sheets with emulsion explosives. It presents an algorithm that simulates the process of fracturing of thick ice subjected to blast load, showing that the behavior of ice under impact and explosive loads can be described by a model of continuum mechanics. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of the ballistic perfomance of an ice cube after deep penetration low-velocity projectiles are reported in this book. Some pilot problems are formulated for a deeper understanding of the mechanics of ice fracturing during impact and explosion. Foreword Preface References Acknowledgments Contents 1 Phenomenological Model and Numerical Method 1.1 Governing and Constitutive Equations 1.2 Equation of State for a Porous Solid 1.3 Equation of State for Ice, Water and Detonation Products 1.4 Failure Criteria 1.5 Initial and Boundary Conditions 1.6 Basic Equations for the Two-Dimensional Axisymmetric Case 1.7 Numerical Method 1.7.1 Finite-Difference Approximation of Equations 1.7.2 Method for Computing Contact Boundaries. Slip Algorithm 1.7.3 Algorithm for Constructing a Free Surface 1.7.4 Algorithm for Creating Ordered Contact Boundaries 1.7.5 Triangular Element Erosion Algorithm 1.7.6 Algorithm for Smoothing the Contact Boundary at Large Deformations 1.8 Test of Calculation 1.9 Conclusions References 2 Experimental Studies of the Destruction of Ice Subjected to Explosive and Shock Loading 2.1 Mobile Laboratory ‘Natural Materials Behavior Under Explosive Loading’ 2.2 Full-Scale Experiments to Blow Up River Ice with Emulsion Explosive 2.3 Conclusions References 3 Numerical Modeling of Ice Fracture Subjected to Shock and Explosive Loads 3.1 Numerical Modeling of Deep Penetration of a Steel Ball into Ice 3.2 Numerical Simulation of Ice Sheet Behavior Subjected to Single Explosive Charge 3.3 Modelling Fracturing of Thick Ice on Water During TNT Detonation 3.4 Conclusions References 4 Numerical Simulation of Deep Penetration Low Velocity Projectiles into Ice Block 4.1 Projectiles and Ice Block 4.2 Deep Penetration of Low-Velocity Ogival Projectile into Ice Block 4.3 Deep Penetration of Projectile with Conical Nose Part into Ice Block 4.4 Deep Penetration of Projectile with a Flat Nose into Ice Block 4.5 Results and Discussion 4.6 Concluding Remark 4.7 Conclusions References Conclusion