Geo-Information Technology in Earth Resources Monitoring and Management

Description

This book deals with the challenges for sustainable management and development of earth resources with a focus on India and other countries around the world. The chapters are written by prominent academicians, researchers, and experts in the field of geo-information technology and related subjects. This book is a collection of chapters providing a multi-disciplinary overview for academicians, researchers, scientists, administrators, policymakers, social scientists, and professionals involved in the various aspects of earth resources development, planning, and management. The aim of this book is to replenish the gap in the available literature on the subject by bringing together the concepts, theories, and experiences of specialists and professionals in this field. Contents Preface Acknowledgment Chapter 1 Land Cover Mapping Using Sentinel and Landsat Data: Potential and Challenges in the Context of the National Reporting of Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Bulgaria Abstract Introduction Data and Methods Study Area Classification System and Class Definitions Reference Data Collection Satellite Data Pre-Processing Pre-Processing of Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 Pre-Processing of Sentinel-2 and Sentinel-1 Classification, Accuracy Assessment and Area Estimation Results Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 2 Recent Trends of Urban Expansion and Consequent Land Transformations: An Appraisal of Asansol City, West Bengal Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Brief Literature Review and the Relevance of the Present Study 3. The Study Area: Geo-Physical Setting and History of Development 4. Materials and Methods 4.1. Acquisition of Data 4.2. Method for LULC Classification 4.3. Methods for Accuracy Assessment 4.4. Methods for Computing Change Detection Indices 4.5. Methods for Estimating the Dynamics of LULC Classes 4.6. Methods for Future Prediction of LULC 5. Results and Discussion 5.1. Spatiotemporal Changes in Built-up Space: Speed and Intensity of Urbanization 5.2. Changing Scenario of Land Transformation: Magnitude, Rate and Nature of Changes 5.3. Future Prediction of Urban Expansion and LULC Status Conclusion Acknowledgment Conflict of Interest References Annexure Chapter 3 Changing Trends of Land Surface Temperature in Relation to Land Use Land Cover of Delhi, India Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Study Area 3. Data and Material Used 3.1. Satellite Image Specifications 4. Methodolgy 4.1. Normalized Difference of Vegetation Index (NDVI) 4.2. Normalized Differential Built-Up Index (NDBI) 4.3. Estimation of Land Surface Temperature Step 1 - Calculation of Radiance of Band 10 and Band 11(for Landsat 8)/Band 6 (for Landsat 5) using Equation 3 Step 2 – Calculation of Satellite Brightness Temperature of Band 10 and Band11/BAND 6 by Means of Equation 4 Step 3 – Calculation of Proportional Vegetation (Pv) using NDVI Values in Equation 5 Step 4 – Calculation of Land Surface Emissivity (LSE) by Applying Equation 6 Step 5– Calculation of Land Surface Temperature (LST) by Executing Equation 7 4.4. Preparation of LULC Map 4.5. Urban Heat Island (UHI) 4.6. Urban Thermal Field Variance Index (UTFVI) 5. Results and Discussions 5.1. Spatial Analysis of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index 5.2. Spatial Analysis of Normalized Difference Built-Up Index 5.3. Spatial Analysis of Land Surface Temperature (LST) 5.4. Relationship of LST with NDVI and NDBI 5.5. LULC Map of Delhi 5.6. Spatio-Temporal Relationship between LST and NDVI LULC Wise 5.7. Spatio-Temporal Relationship between LST and NDBI LULC Wise 5.8. Urban Heat Island (UHI) of Delhi 5.9. Ecological Evaluation of Delhi Using UTFVI Conclusion References Chapter 4 Spatio Temporal Analysis of Air Quality of Udaipur and Its Relation with Land Surface Temperature before and during Covid -19 Pandemic Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Study Area 3. Methodology 3.1. Ground Station-Based Data 3.2. Satellite Station-Based Data (Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS) 3.3. Spatial Analysis 3.4. Land Surface Temperature 3.5. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 4. Results and Discussion 4.1. Spatial Interpolation Analysis 4.2. Land Surface Temperature (LST) 4.3. Air Quality Maps Using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) Conclusion References Chapter 5 Characteristics of Atmospheric Aerosol over Indo-Gangetic Basin: Trend, Origin of Sources and Impact on Climate Abstract 1. Introduction 2. In-Situ and Satellite Measurements 2.1. AERONET Based Measurements 2.2. MICROTOPS-II Sunphotometer Based Measurements 3. Variability of AOD over IGB Region 4. Comparison of AODS Measured by In-Situ and Satellite Data 5. Meteorological Parameters 6. Correlation Analysis between AOD Derived from MICROTOPS-II, AERONET and MODIS 7. Sources of Aerosols 8. Climate Impacts of Aerosols 9. Conclusion 10. Acknowledgment 11. References Chapter 6 Analysing Urban Landscape Changes with Multi-Sensor Datasets on a Temporal Scale Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Study Area 3. Data Used 4. Methodology 4.1. LULC Change Detection 4.2. Estimation of NDBI for All the Raster Datasets 4.3. Estimation of LST 5. Results, Discussions and Data Analysis 5.1. Results for the Year 1993 5.2. Results for the Year 2002 5.3. Results for the Year 2020 5.4. Area Analysis 5.5. Discussion 5.6. Normalized Difference Built-Up (NDBI) 5.7. Land Surface Temperature (LST) Conclusion References Chapter 7 Assessment of the Spatio-Temporal Variation of Biophysical Indices in the Spectral Delineation of the Urban Green Cover: A Case Study from Ranchi Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Study Area 3. Materials and Methods 3.1. Data Used 3.2. Indices Used to Measure Biophysical Characteristics 3.3. Generation of Land Use/Land Cover Map 4. Results and Discussions Conclusion Future Scope and Recommendations Acknowledgments References Chapter 8 RS-GIS Application in Designing Sustainable Land Use Pattern of Killi Ar, Sub-Basin of Karamana River, Kerala Abstract 1. Introduction 1.1. Study Area Materials and Methods 2. About Our Research 2.1. Land Use Changes That Occurred During 1989 to 2020 2.2. Land Use Changes in Different Terrain Units Conclusion References Chapter 9 A Remote Sensing and GIS Approach to Create 3D Building Model Using Cartosat-1 Imagery: A Case Study from Oshiwara City, Mumbai Abstract Introduction Photogrammetry Relationship Studies and Modelling 3D City Build Ground Images 3D City Model Objectives Study Area Data Used Cartosat-1 Sentinel 2 Software Used Methodology DEM Creation and DTM Extraction Orthorectification DHM Generation and 3D Model Construction Interpretation of DTM and DSM Building Height Calculation Creation of Land Use/Land Cover Data of Oshiwara Region Results and Discussion 3D Model City Land Use and Land Cover Classification Data Validation Conclusion References Chapter 10 Identification of New Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Sites Using Integrated GIS-MCDM Techniques – A Review Abstract Introduction to Landfill Site Suitability Geographical Information System Multi-Criteria Decision Making Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP) Fuzzy AHP Other MCDM Methods Criteria for LSS Conclusion References Chapter 11 Challenges of Urban Basic Infrastructure in Gated Societies of Greater Faridabad, India and Application of IOT in Smart Governance: Way forward to Sustainable Development Goals Abstract 1. Introduction 1.1. Study Area 1.2. Methodology 1.3. Significance of Study 2. Results and Discussions 2.1. Statistical Testing 2.2. Analysis of Application of IOT in Smart Governance in Greater Faridabad 2.3. Issue of Coordination 3. SWOT Analysis of IOT Capable Greater Faridabad 3.1. Way Forward to Sustainable Development Conclusion References Chapter 12 Characteristics and Nutrient Status of Limestone Soils in Leyte and Samar, Philippines Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Study Site Soil Profile Description and Sampling Soil Physicochemical Characteristics Soil Classification Results and Discussion Environmental Characteristics of Limestone Soils Morphological and Physical Characteristics Chemical Characteristics Soil Classification Soil Fertility Status Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 13 Remote Sensing-Based Agricultural Drought Monitoring – A Review Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Precipitation Monitoring 3. Evapotranspiration Monitoring 4. Vegetation and Soil Moisture Monitoring 4.1. Passive Multispectral Remote Sensing Approaches 4.2. Microwave Remote Sensing Approaches 5. Integrated Approaches to Drought Monitoring 6. Past Challenges & Future Opportunities Conclusion References Chapter 14 Application of Meteorological and Vegetation Indices for Monitoring of Drought Condition Using Geospatial Techniques and Statistical Approach in the Semi Arid Regions of Rajasthan, India Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Study Area 3. Materials 3.1. Remote Sensing Data 3.1.1. Landsat 8 3.1.2. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 3.1.3. Land Surface Temperature (LST) 3.1.4. Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 4. Methodology 4.1. Land Use Land Cover (LULC) 4.2. Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) 4.3. Temperature Condition Index (TCI) 4.4. Precipitation Condition Index (PCI) 5. Results and Discussion 5.1. Land Use and Land Cover 5.2. Statistical Analysis between VCI, PCI and TCI Value (Linear Regression) 5.2.1. Linear Regression between PCI and VCI (Years 2018-19) 5.2.2. Linear Regression between VCI &LST (Years 2018-2019) 5.3. Spatial Distributions of Medicinal Plants with Vegetation Cover (Forest Type) Conclusion Recommendation Acknowledgment References Chapter 15 Evaluation of Remote Sensing Based Agricultural Drought Indicators for Crop Insurance Abstract 1. Introduction 1.1. Objectives and Scope of the Study 2. Background Work 2.1. Cropping Seasons in INDIA 2.2. Climate Change and Disasters 3. Droughts – Types and Impacts 3.1. Drought Cycle 3.2. Chronology of Droughts in India 3.3. Drought Monitoring and Management in India 3.4. Drought Declaration Mechanism in India 4. Study Area – Telangana State, India 5. Methodology 5.1. Indices 5.1.1. Generalized Monsoon Index (GMI) 5.1.2. Satellite-Derived Drought Index 6. Hybrid Satellite Agricultural Drought Indicator (HySADI) 7. Data Acquisition 7.1. Data-Preprocessing 8. HySADI Method for Monitoring Drought Condition 9. Results and Discussions 9.1. Calculations of GMIsw and GMIpct 10. Conclusion and Recommendation 10.1. Conclusion 10.2. Recommendations References Chapter 16 Lessons from Central and Eastern Europe - Changes and Reasons of Renewable Energy Support Schemes Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Energy Policies 2.1. Main Types of Subsidies 3. Applied Subsidy Systems and Its Consequences 3.1. Bulgaria 3.2. Czech Republic 3.3. Slovakia 3.4. Slovenia 3.5. Romania 3.6. Poland 3.7. Hungary 3.8. Croatia 4. Beyond Subsidy – The Governance Factor Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 17 Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Limnological Studies: A Case Study from Northwest Himalayan Lakes, India Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Study Area 3. Methodology 4. Discussion 4.1. Review on Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Limnological Studies 4.2. Slope Factor Analysis for Sedimentation Rate 4.2.1. Sattal Lake 4.2.2. Rewalsar Lake 4.2.3. Renuka Lake 4.2.4. Naukuchiatal Lake 4.2.5. Nainital Lake 4.2.6. Mansar Lake 4.2.7. Bhimtal Lake 4.2.8. Manasbal Lake 4.3. Correlation between Degree of Slope and Sedimentation Rate Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 18 Identification of Locations for Artificial Recharge Structures Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques: A Case Study of Sitapur District Abstract Introduction Study Area Data Used Methodology Techniques of Data Analysis Procedures of Analysis Identification the Ground Water Prospect Zones from the Thematic Maps Estimation of the Area Coverage of the Ground Water Potential Zones Results and Discussion Drainage Network Lithology Geomorphology Slope Analysis Land Use/Cover Soil Type Structure/Lineament Rainfall Groundwater Potential Zones Proposed Recharge Structure Conclusion References Chapter 19 The Application of Morphometric Parameters in River Watershed Management: A Case Study of Rihand River, India Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Regional Setting 3. Methodology 4. Morphometric Analysis of Rihand River Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 20 Geospatial Distribution of Dar Zarrouk Parameters Resulting from Vertical Electrical Sounding in Dharangaon and Erandol Block of Jalgaon District, India Abstract 1. Introduction 2. Geological Setting of the Area 3. Methodology 4. Result and Discussion Conclusion Acknowledgments References Editors’ Contact Information Index Blank Page