Electrochromic Smart Materials: Fabrication and Applications

Description

Cover......Page 1 Preface......Page 8 Contents......Page 10 1.1 General Introduction......Page 20 1.2 History of Electrochromism......Page 21 1.3 Mechanism of Electrochromism and EC Devices......Page 22 1.4.1 Smart Glass/Windows......Page 23 1.4.3 EC Displays......Page 26 1.4.4 Wearable Apparel and Devices......Page 27 1.4.5 Modulation of Microwave and Near-Infrared Radiation......Page 32 1.5 Conclusion......Page 33 References......Page 34 2.1.1 Types of Electrochromes......Page 41 2.2 Classes of Electrochromic Materials......Page 42 2.2.1 Metal Oxides......Page 43 2.2.3 Metal Phthalocyanines......Page 44 2.2.4 Viologens......Page 47 2.2.5 Conjugated Polymers......Page 48 2.2.6 Other Organic Electrochromes......Page 51 2.3 Architecture and Components of Electrochromic Devices......Page 52 2.3.1.1 Optically Transparent Electrode......Page 53 2.3.2.2 Semi-solid/Solid Electrolytes......Page 54 2.3.3.1 Film Deposition and Patterning......Page 56 2.3.4 Charge-storing/Counter Layer......Page 59 2.4 Electrochromic Performance Parameters......Page 60 2.4.2 Optical Contrast/Photopic Contrast......Page 61 2.4.5 Optical Memory......Page 63 2.5 Concluding Remarks......Page 64 References......Page 65 Chapter 3 Conjugated Polymers for Electrochromic Applications......Page 70 3.1 Introduction......Page 71 3.2 RGB (Red, Green, Blue) Based Electrochromics......Page 72 3.3 CMYK (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key) Based Electrochromics......Page 81 3.4 Water Processable Electrochromic Polymers......Page 87 3.5 PEDOT and Its Derivatives: Attractive Electrochromic Polymers......Page 90 3.6 Fluorescent Polymers......Page 97 3.7 Triphenylamine (TPA) Bearing Polymers......Page 108 3.8 Concluding Remarks......Page 116 References......Page 117 4.1 Introduction......Page 122 4.2.1 D-A Polymers with Neutral Primary Red-Green-Blue Colors......Page 126 4.2.2 D-A Polymers with Secondary or Tertiary Colors......Page 130 4.2.3 D-A Polymers with Multi-color Switching......Page 132 4.2.4 D-A Polymers with NIR Switching Ability......Page 135 4.3.1 High Optical Contrast and Fast Switching Speed......Page 136 4.3.2 High Coloration Efficiency......Page 138 4.3.3 High Cycling Stability......Page 141 4.4 Conclusion......Page 142 References......Page 143 5.1 Introduction......Page 148 5.2.1 AIEE-active and Electrochromic Bifunctional Polymer and Device......Page 149 5.2.2 Trifunctional CdSe Quantum Dots-Polymer Composite Film......Page 152 5.2.3 Bi-functional Europium Ion Doped WO3 Film......Page 161 References......Page 168 6.1 Introduction......Page 170 6.1.2 Key Parameters for OM and Bistability......Page 171 6.1.3 OM of Molecular Level EC Materials......Page 172 6.2.2 Optical Memory in Thiophenyl Copolymers......Page 174 6.2.3 Optical Memory in Indole-containing Copolymers with PEDOT Layer......Page 177 6.2.4 Optical Memory in Polyselenophenes......Page 180 6.2.5 Donor-Acceptor Type ECPs......Page 184 6.3.1 Optical Memory of Poly (2,2-dimethyl-3,4-propylenedioxythiophene) (PProDOT-Me2)......Page 187 6.3.2 IET and IDT Mechanism to Reach Bistability......Page 190 6.3.3 Bistability of Side Chain Engineered ProDOTs......Page 193 6.3.4 Charge Balanced Bistable ECDs......Page 201 6.4 Conclusion......Page 207 References......Page 208 7.1 Introduction......Page 211 7.2 Conventional Mechanism of Electroluminochromism......Page 212 7.3 Electroluminochromism Based on Small Organic Molecules......Page 213 7.4 Electroluminochromism Based on Emissive Polymeric Films......Page 219 7.5 Electroluminochromism Based on Photofunctional Transition-metal Complexes......Page 223 7.6 Electroluminochromism Based on Emissive Nanocomposite Films......Page 229 7.7 Summary and Outlook......Page 232 References......Page 234 8.1.1 Electrochromism in Conjugated Polymer......Page 237 8.1.2 Donor-Accepter Approach......Page 238 8.2.1 Thiophene and Its Derivatives......Page 239 8.2.2 EDOT and Its Derivatives......Page 241 8.2.3 Pyrrole and Its Derivatives......Page 243 8.2.5 Triphenylamine and Its Derivatives......Page 245 8.3 Electrochromic Polymers with Different D-A Structures......Page 247 8.3.1.1 Thiophene and Its Derivatives as D Units......Page 249 8.3.1.2 EDOT and Its Derivatives as D Units......Page 253 8.3.1.3 Other D Systems......Page 260 8.3.2 D-A Polymers with Pendent A Units......Page 261 8.3.3 D-A Polymers Based on Cruciform Monomers......Page 264 8.3.4 D-A polymers Based on Star-shaped Monomers......Page 265 8.3.5 D-A Polymers Based on Dendritic Monomers......Page 269 8.4 Conclusion and Outlook......Page 270 References......Page 271 9.1 Introduction......Page 280 9.1.1 Electrochromic/Electrofluorochromic Devices......Page 281 9.2 Smart Electrochromic Liquid Crystalline Materials......Page 285 9.2.1 Electrochromic Ionic Liquid Crystals with p-Type Character......Page 286 9.2.2 Electrochromic Liquid Crystals Incorporating the Classic Viologen as Redox Active Unit (n-Type)......Page 288 9.2.3 Viologen-based Liquid Crystalline Rotaxanes......Page 293 9.3 Extended Viologens as Multifunctional Smart Liquid Crystals......Page 296 9.3.1 Thienoviologens Liquid Crystals......Page 299 9.4 Electrofluorochromic Liquid Crystals......Page 303 9.5 Conclusions......Page 306 References......Page 307 10.1 Fundamental Chemistry of Carbazole......Page 312 10.2 Electrochemistry and Electropolymerization of Carbazole Derivatives......Page 313 10.3 Electrochromic Properties of Polycarbazoles......Page 317 10.3.1 Polymers from Monomers Containing One Carbazole Unit......Page 320 10.3.2 Polymers from Monomers Containing Two Carbazole Units......Page 323 10.3.3 Polymers from Monomers Containing Multiple Carbazole Units......Page 327 10.4 Smart Windows Application of Polycarbazole Derivatives......Page 332 10.5 Conclusion......Page 337 References......Page 338 11.1.1 High-performance Polymers......Page 342 11.2.1 Polyimides......Page 347 11.2.3 Poly(amide-imide)s......Page 348 11.2.4 Poly(ether-imide)s and Poly(ether-amide)s......Page 349 11.2.4.2 Fluorinated Poly(ether-imide)s......Page 352 11.2.5 Poly(hydrazide)s and Poly(oxadiazole)s......Page 356 11.3.1 Introduction of Protection Groups......Page 358 11.3.2 Strategies for Increasing Electrochromic-coloring Stages......Page 361 11.3.3 Facile Electropolymerization for Poly(arylamine)s......Page 366 11.4 Electrochromic Devices......Page 369 11.4.1 Single Layer Electrochromic Devices......Page 372 11.4.2 Complementary Electrochromic Devices......Page 375 11.4.3 Flexible Electrochromic Devices......Page 378 11.5 Conclusion and Perspectives......Page 382 References......Page 383 12.1 Introduction......Page 391 12.2 Electrochemistry and Electrochromism of Viologens......Page 392 12.2.2.2 Dimerized Viologen Radical Cations......Page 393 12.2.2.3 Insoluble Viologen Radical Cations......Page 395 12.2.2.4 Aging of Insoluble Viologen Radical Cations......Page 396 12.2.2.5 Influence of Substitution Groups on Viologen Radical Cations......Page 398 12.3.1 Mechanism of Viologen-based Electrochromic Devices......Page 400 12.3.2 Type-1 Electrochromes-viologens in Non-aqueous Solvents......Page 403 12.3.3 Type-2 Electrochromes-insoluble Viologen Radical Cations......Page 406 12.3.4 Type-3 Electrochromes-immobilized Viologens......Page 407 12.3.4.1 Anchored Viologens......Page 408 12.3.4.2 Polyviologens......Page 409 12.3.4.3 Viologens in Gel or Solid-state Electrolytes......Page 413 References......Page 419 13.1.1 Organic Polymers......Page 425 13.1.2 Linear Structures......Page 426 13.1.4 π-Conjugated Structures......Page 428 13.1.5 Metallo-supramolecular Polymers......Page 429 13.1.6 Color of Metallo-supramolecular Polymers......Page 431 13.2.1 Synthesis......Page 432 13.2.2 Optical and Electrochemical Properties......Page 433 13.2.3 Electrochromic Properties......Page 435 13.3.1 Synthesis......Page 436 13.3.2 Electrochromic Properties......Page 437 13.4.1 Synthesis......Page 440 13.4.2 Electrochemical Properties......Page 442 13.4.3 Multicolor Electrochromism......Page 443 13.5.1 Device Fabrication......Page 444 13.5.2 Flexible Electrochromic Devices......Page 445 References......Page 447 14.1 Introduction......Page 449 14.2.1 The Advantages of One-dimensional Nanostructures for Electrochromism......Page 450 14.2.2 Synthesis of One-dimensional Nanostructures......Page 451 14.2.2.1.1.1 Hydrothermal Synthesis......Page 452 14.2.2.1.1.2 Ambient Pressure Solution Process......Page 454 14.2.2.1.2 Vapor-based Process......Page 455 14.2.2.1.3 Electrospinning Process......Page 457 14.2.2.1.4 Chemical Oxidative and Electrochemical Polymerization Processes......Page 458 14.2.2.2.1 AAO and PC Templating......Page 460 14.2.2.2.2 Surfactant-assistant Templating......Page 462 14.2.3.1 WO3 and TiO2 1D Nanostructures......Page 464 14.2.3.2 NiO and Co3O4 1D Nanostructures......Page 467 14.2.3.3 V2O5 and MoO3 1D Nanostructures......Page 468 14.2.3.4 Conductive Polymer 1D Nanostructures......Page 471 14.3 3D Nanostructured Electrochromic Materials......Page 473 14.3.1.1 The Role of 3D Nanostructures in Inorganic Electrochromic Materials......Page 474 14.3.1.2.1 Physical Vapor Deposition......Page 475 14.3.1.2.3 CBD......Page 477 14.3.1.2.5 Electrodeposition......Page 479 14.3.1.2.6 Templating......Page 480 14.3.2 3D Nanostructured Organic Electrochromic Materials......Page 485 14.3.3 Outlook of 3D Nanostructured Electrochromic Materials......Page 486 References......Page 488 15.1 Metal Electrodeposition as an Electrochromic Process......Page 494 15.2.1 Current for Ag Deposition Under Electrode Reaction Control or Diffusion Control......Page 500 15.2.2 Size-selective Electrodeposition of Metal Particles and the Kinetics......Page 501 15.3 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) in Metal Nanoparticles for Full Color EC Devices......Page 503 15.3.1 Absorption and Diffusion of Light by LSPR......Page 504 15.3.2 Color of Silver Nanostructures with LSPR......Page 505 15.3.2.2 Silver Nanoplates......Page 506 15.4 Multicolor EC Device with Reversible Metal Electrodeposition......Page 508 Acknowledgments......Page 510 References......Page 511 16.1 Introduction to Electrochromic Smart Windows......Page 513 16.2 Electrochromic Materials for Smart Windows......Page 517 16.3.1 Energy Savings......Page 518 16.3.2 Lighting Performance......Page 521 16.3.3 Operation and Control......Page 524 16.3.4 Durability......Page 526 16.4 Challenge and Future of Electrochromic Smart Windows in Green Building Applications......Page 528 16.4.2.1 Modification of EC Materials: Solar Absorptive to Solar Reflective......Page 529 16.4.2.2 Connection of EC Smart Windows and the Internet of Things (IoT)......Page 531 16.4.2.3 Integration of EC Smart Windows and Passive Technologies......Page 532 16.5 Market Potential of Electrochromic Smart Windows for Green Building Applications......Page 533 16.6 Summary......Page 534 References......Page 535 Subject Index......Page 540