The languages of native North America

Description

Title page List of maps Preface Transcription key Abbreviations used in glosses Introduction PART 1: THE NATURE OF THE LANGUAGES 1 Sounds and sound patterns 1.1 Inventories 1.2 Transcription conventions 1.3 Syllable structure 1.4 Tone 1.5 Harmony 1.6 Sound symbolism 1.7 Native writing systems 2 Words 2.1 Polysynthesis 2.2 Parts of words: roots, affixes, and clitics 2.2.1 Morpheme order 2.2.2 General compounding 2.2.3 Noun incorporation 2.2.4 The functions of roots and affixes 2.3 Lexical categories: nouns and verbs 3 Grammatical categories 3.1 Person 3.1.1 Inclusive and exclusive 3.1.2 Long-distance coreference and empathy 3.1.3 Obviation 3.2 Number 3.2.1 Inflectional number on nouns 3.2.2 Inverse nurnber 3.2.3 Derivational and lexical number on nouns 3.2.4 Verbal number 3.2.5 Distributives 3.2.6 Collectives 3.2.7 Associatives 3.3 Gender 3.4 Shape, consistency, and related features 3.4.1 Classificatory numerals 3.4.2 Classificatory verbs 3.5 Means and manner: 'instrumental affixes' 3.6 Control 3.6.1 The lexicon 3.6.2 Verb morphology 3.7 Space: location and direction 3.7.1 Demonstratives 3.7.2 Nominal adpositions, clitics, and affixes 3.7.3 Verbal clitics and affixes 3.8 Time 3.8.1 Tense 3.8.2 Aspect 3.9 Modality: knowledge and obligation 3.9.1 Sample modal paradigms 3.9.2 Realis and irrealis 3.9.3 Evidentials 4 Sentences 4.1 Predicates and arguments 4.2 Word order 4.3 Grammatical relations and case 4.3.1 Nominative/accusative patterns 4.3.2 Ergative/absolutive patterns 4.3.3 Agent/patient and active/stative patterns 4.3.4 Direct/inverse patterns 4.3.5 A tripartite pattern 4.4 Pattern combinations 4.4.1 Nominative/accusative and ergative/absolutive 4.4.2 Nominative/accusative and agent/patient 4.4.3 Nominative/accusative and direct/inverse 4.4.4 Ergative/absolutive and agent/patient 4.5 Obliques and applicatives 4.6 Possession 4.7 Clause combining 4.7.1 The expression of clause linkage 4.7.2 Switch-reference 5 Special language 5.1 Baby talk, 'abnormal speech', and animal talk 5.2 'Men's' and 'women's' language 5.3 Narrative and ceremonial language 5.4 Speech play 5.5 Plains Sign Talk PART II: CATALOGUE OF LANGUAGES 6 Relations among the languages 6.1 Dialect, language, and family 6.2 Genetic relationship 6.3 Stocks: hypotheses of more remote relationships 6.4 Language contact 6.4.1 Borrowing 6.4.2 Linguistic are as 6.4.3 Contact languages 7 Catalogue 7.1 Language families and isolates 7.2 Pidgins, creoles, and mixed languages References with note on sources Index