The Real World: An Introduction to Sociology

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THE REAL WORLD, 6E TITLE PAGE COPYRIGHT INFORMATION ABOUT THE AUTHORS CONTENTS PREFACE CHANGES IN THE SIXTH EDITION PART I: Thinking Sociologically and Doing Sociology CHAPTER 1: Sociology and the Real World How to Read This Chapter Practical vs. Scientific Knowledge What Is Sociology? The Sociological Perspective Beginner’s Mind DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Doing Nothing IN RELATIONSHIPS: It’s Official: Men Talk More Than Women Culture Shock The Sociological Imagination Levels of Analysis: Micro- and Macrosociology IN THE FUTURE: C. Wright Mills and the Sociological Imagination Sociology’s Family Tree Sociology’s Roots Macrosociological Theory Structural Functionalism Conflict Theory GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Eurocentrism and Sociological Theory Weberian Theory ON THE JOB: Famous Sociology Majors Microsociological Theory Symbolic Interactionism DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Theories of Celebrity Gossip New Theoretical Approaches Postmodern Theory Midrange Theory Closing Comments CHAPTER 2: Studying Social Life: Sociological Research Methods How to Read This Chapter An Overview of Research Methods The Scientific Approach Which Method to Use? Ethnography/Participant Observation Advantages and Disadvantages DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Watching People Talk Interviews Advantages and Disadvantages IN THE FUTURE: Action Research Surveys Advantages and Disadvantages DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Media Usage Patterns Existing Sources Advantages and Disadvantages Experimental Methods Advantages and Disadvantages Social Network Analyis IN RELATIONSHIPS: Social Networking Sites as Sources of Data Advantages and Disadvantages Issues in Sociological Research Nonacademic Uses of Research Methods Values, Objectivity, and Reactivity ON THE JOB: Sociology, Market Research, and Design Strategy Research Ethics GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Nuremberg Code and Research Ethics Closing Comments PART II: Framing Social Life CHAPTER 3: Culture How to Read This Chapter What Is Culture? How Has Culture Been Studied? Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativism ON THE JOB: The Sharing Economy and Unlikely Cultural Ambassadors Components of Culture Material Culture Symbolic Culture Values, Norms, and Sanctions IN RELATIONSHIPS: Individual Values vs. University Culture DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Seeing Culture in a Subculture Variations in Culture Dominant Culture Subcultures and Countercultures GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Otaku Culture and the Globalization of Niche Interests Culture Wars Ideal vs. Real Culture DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: How the Image Shapes the Need Cultural Change Technological Change Cultural Diffusion and Cultural Leveling Cultural Imperialism American Culture in Perspective IN THE FUTURE: Online Radicalization Closing Comments CHAPTER 4: Socialization, Interaction, and the Self How to Read This Chapter What Is Human Nature? The Nature vs. Nurture Debate The Process of Socialization IN THE FUTURE: Genetics and Sociology Social Isolation Theories of the Self Psychoanalytic Theory: Sigmund Freud The Looking-Glass Self: Charles Cooley Mind, Self, and Society: George Herbert Mead Dramaturgy: Erving Goffman DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Impression Management in Action Agents of Socialization The Family Schools Peers The Media DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: TV as an Agent of Socialization Adult Socialization IN RELATIONSHIPS: Sister Pauline Quinn and Training Dogs in Prison Statuses and Roles Multiple Roles and Role Conflict Emotions and Personality The Social Construction of Emotions Interacting Online GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Cross-Cultural Responses to Grief ON THE JOB: The Wages of Emotion Work Closing Comments CHAPTER 5: Separate and Together: Life in Groups How to Read This Chapter What Is a Group? Primary and Secondary Groups Social Networks Separate from Groups: Anomie or Virtual Membership? IN THE FUTURE: What Happens to Group Ties in a Virtual World? DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: “Who’s in Your Feed?" Group Dynamics Dyads, Triads, and More IN RELATIONSHIPS: Social Networking: You’re Not the Customer—You’re the Product In-Groups and Out-Groups Reference Groups DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: The Twenty Statements Test: Who Am I? Group Cohesion Social Influence (Peer Pressure) Experiments in Conformity GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Group vs. Individual Norms: Honor Killings Working Together: Teams and Leadership Teamwork ON THE JOB: Teamwork and the Tour de France Power, Authority, and Style Bureaucracy The McDonaldization of Society Responding to Bureaucratic Constraints Closing Comments CHAPTER 6: Deviance How to Read This Chapter Defining Deviance Deviance across Cultures GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Body Modification Theories of Deviance Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism IN RELATIONSHIPS: Cyberbullying, Trolls, and Online Deviance The Stigma of Deviance Managing Deviant Identities ON THE JOB: Is “Cash Register Honesty” Good Enough? DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: AA’s Pioneer Women Studying Deviance The Emotional Attraction of Deviance The Study of Crime Crime and Demographics DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Norm Breaking on Television The Criminal Justice System IN THE FUTURE: American vs. Scandinavian Prisons Reconsidering Deviance? Closing Comments PART III: Understanding Inequality CHAPTER 7: Social Class: The Structure of Inequality How to Read This Chapter Social Stratification and Social Inequality Systems of Stratification Slavery Caste GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Systems of Stratification around the World Social Class Social Classes in the United States The Upper Class The Upper-Middle Class The Middle Class The Working (Lower-Middle) Class The Working Poor and Underclass Problematic Categories Theories of Social Class Conflict Theory Weberian Theory Structural Functionalism Postmodernism Symbolic Interactionism DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Everyday Class Consciousness Socioeconomic Status and Life Chances Family IN RELATIONSHIPS: Socioeconomic Status and Mate Selection Health Education Work and Income Criminal Justice Social Mobility Poverty Social Welfare and Welfare Reform The “Culture of Poverty” and Its Critics ON THE JOB: Get a Job! Minimum Wage or Living Wage? The Invisibility of Poverty Inequality and the Ideology of the American Dream IN THE FUTURE: Why We Can’t Afford the Rich DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Advertising and the American Dream Closing Comments CHAPTER 8: Race and Ethnicity as Lived Experience How to Read This Chapter Defining Race and Ethnicity “Ethnic Options”: Symbolic and Situational Ethnicity DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Displaying Ethnicity The U.S. Population by Race What Is a Minority? Racism in Its Many Forms Prejudice and Discrimination White Nationalism White Privilege and Color-Blind Racism Microagressions Cultural Appropriation Reverse Racism Antiracist Allies IN THE FUTURE: Whose Lives Matter? Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Race Structural Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism IN RELATIONSHIPS: From the Lovings to Kimye: Interracial Dating and Marriage Race, Ethnicity, and Life Chances Family Health Education Work and Income ON THE JOB: Diversity Programs: Do They Work? Criminal Justice Intersectionality DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Does TV Reflect the Realities of Race? Intergroup Relations: Conflict or Cooperation Genocide Population Transfer Internal Colonialism and Segregation Assimilation GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: “The Biggest Humanitarian and Refugee Crisis of Our Time" Pluralism Closing Comments CHAPTER 9: Constructing Gender and Sexuality How to Read This Chapter Sex and Gender Sex GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Different Societies, Different Genders Gender Sexuality and Sexual Orientation “Queering the Binary" Socialization: Sex, Gender, and Sexuality Families IN RELATIONSHIPS: Rape Culture and Campus Social Life Schools Peers The Media DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: The Fashion Police: Gender and the Rules of Beauty Prejudice and Discrimination Gendered Language and Microaggressions Sociological Theories of Gender Inequality Functionalism Conflict Theory Interactionism Feminist Theory Gender, Sexuality, and Life Chances Families Health Education ON THE JOB: Female Athletes and the Battle for Equal Pay Work and Income DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: The Second Shift: Gender Norms and Household Labor Criminal Justice IN THE FUTURE: Human Trafficking Intersectionality Social Movements Women’s Movements Men’s Movements LGBTQ Movements Closing Comments PART IV: Social Institutions and the Micro-Macro Link CHAPTER 10: Social Institutions: Politics, Education, and Religion How to Read This Chapter What Is Politics? Political Systems: Government The American Political System Who Rules America? The Media and the Political Process DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Satirical News Shows Patriotism and Protest Politics: The Micro-Macro Link What Is Education? A Brief History of Modern Education Education and the Reproduction of Society Classic Studies of Education IN THE FUTURE: A College Degree: What’s It Worth? The Present and Future of Education ON THE JOB: For-Profit Colleges: At What Cost? Education: The Micro-Macro Link What Is Religion? Theoretical Approaches to Religion Religion in America Religious Trends GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Thou Shalt Not Kill: Religion, Violence, and Terrorism DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Measures of Religiosity A Secular Society? IN RELATIONSHIPS: Can a Relationship with God Improve Your GPA? Religion: The Micro-Macro Link Closing Comments CHAPTER 11: The Economy and Work How to Read This Chapter Historical and Economic Changes The Agricultural Revolution The Industrial Revolution The Information Revolution DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: The World of Work and Workers as Seen on TV World Economic Systems Capitalism Socialism The U.S. Economy ON THE JOB: Internships: Free Menial Labor or a Leg Up? The Nature of Work Agricultural Work Industrial Work Postindustrial Work Resistance Strategies: How Workers Cope Individual Resistance: Handling Bureaucracy Collective Resistance: Unions IN RELATIONSHIPS: The Value of Break Time The Conscience of Corporate America GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: World of Warcraft and “Gold Farming” in China The Economics of Globalization International Trade Transnational Corporations Global Sweatshop Labor DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Are Your Clothes Part of the Global Commodity Chain? Outsourcing Different Ways of Working Professional Socialization in Unusual Fields IN THE FUTURE: Will Your Job Be “Uber-ized”? The Contingent Workforce The Third Sector and Volunteerism Time for a Vacation? Closing Comments CHAPTER 12: Life at Home: Families and Relationships How to Read This Chapter What Is the Family? Sociological Perspectives on Families GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Talking about Kin Structural Functionalism Conflict Theory Symbolic Interactionism Feminist and Queer Theory Mate Selection Relationship Trends Unmarried Life Single and Solo Parenting Blended Families Childfree Living Breaking Up ON THE JOB: When Building Families Is Part of Your Job Custody, Visitation, and Child Support The Work of Family DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Comparative Mealtime Gender, Sexuality, and Family Labor Family and the Life Course IN RELATIONSHIPS: From Boomerang Kids to the Sandwich Generation Aging in the Family Trouble in Families Intimate Partner Violence DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Family Troubles in Film Child and Elder Abuse IN THE FUTURE: Trends in Baby Making: Back to the Future? Postmodern Families: The New Normal Closing Comments CHAPTER 13: Leisure and Media How to Read This Chapter A Sociology of Leisure What Is Leisure? Trends in Leisure ON THE JOB: Professional Musicians: Playing Is Work The Study of Media The Media and Democracy The Structure of Media Industries DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Blockbuster Hits and the Business of Movies The Regulation of Media Content Culture and Consumption of Media High, Low, and Popular Culture IN THE FUTURE: The Return of Free-Range Kids? Media Effects and Audiences Theories of Media Effects Active Audiences: Minimal Effects Theories Interpretive Strategies and Communities Leisure and Relationships GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: The Other Football Leisure and Community Collectors and Hobbyists Hangouts: The Third Place IN RELATIONSHIPS: Fan–Celebrity Relations DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Now Go Hang Out Travel and Tourism Closing Comments CHAPTER 14: Health and Illness How to Read This Chapter The Sociology of Medicine, Health, and Illness Defining Health and Illness Types of Illnesses Approaches to Medical Treatment DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Student Health Issues Survey The Process of Medicalization The Social Construction of Mental Illness IN THE FUTURE: Solving the Mystery of Autism Epidemiology and Disease Patterns Social Inequality, Health, and Illness Intersections of Class GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Zika Virus: Women and Children Last Intersections of Race Intersections of Gender IN RELATIONSHIPS: Better Living through Chemistry Inequality and the Problem of Food Deserts Medicine as a Social Institution Institutional Contexts Doctor–Patient Relations ON THE JOB: Cultural Competence in Health Professions The Sick Role DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Medicine on Television Issues in Medicine and Health Care Health Care Reform in the United States Complementary and Alternative Medicine Medical Ethics End of Life Closing Comments PART V: Envisioning the Future and Creating Social Change CHAPTER 15: Populations, Cities, and the Environment How to Read This Chapter Population Demography IN THE FUTURE: Living to 150 Theories of Population Change Cities Trends in Urbanization ON THE JOB: Agriculture: From the Country to the City DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: Imagining the Cities of Tomorrow Living in the City IN RELATIONSHIPS: Encounters with Strangers The Environment Environmental Problems GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Water, Water Everywhere but Not a Drop to Drink Environmental Sociology DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Student Attitudes on Environmentalism Closing Comments CHAPTER 16: Social Change How to Read This Chapter What Is Social Change? ON THE JOB: Helping Professions: Agents of Social Change Collective Behavior Crowds Mass Behavior Social Movements Promoting and Resisting Change IN RELATIONSHIPS: Hashtag Activism: #Resist with #Indivisible Theories of Social Movements DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Everyday Life: Activist Groups Get Organized Stages in a Social Movement Technology and Social Change IN THE FUTURE: Utopia—or Doomsday? DATA WORKSHOP: Analyzing Media and Pop Culture: The “Unplug” Experiment Technology in the Global Village GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE: Bhutan and Gross National Happiness Living in a Postmodern World Closing Comments GLOSSARY REFERENCES CREDITS INDEX