TESOL Made Practical For All Situations

Description

By the turn of the new millennium (the year 2000) Language Training Institute (LTi) had become the first organisation in Australia to gain Government accreditation for a Certificate IV in TESOL (Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages). Since that time LTi has also developed an accredited Diploma, Graduate Certificate, and Graduate Diploma, as well as the LTi International TESOL Certificate. In association with the development of these Courses, LTi has produced high quality TESOL teacher training materials which are used around Australia and internationally by LTi and other education providers. TESOL Made Practical for All Situations was first published in 2005. The original author was Paula Withers who penned the earlier editions of the text at the invitation of LTi. Paula had gone to the Philippines to teach English in 1995 with limited experience after completing a short TESOL Course in Australia. Out of that experience and her ongoing commitment to the profession, Paula's belief in the value of practical, hands-on training became a perfect foundation for the delivery of the LTi English language teacher training courses. This most recent edition of TESOL Made Practical for All Situations includes valuable revisions and updates by Rachel Brigg, LTi TESOL Director; Laura da Silva, a senior LTi Course Trainer and Course Materials Developer; and Daria Cooper, LTi Editorial and Publishing Coordinator. The ongoing involvement of LTi staff, as well as feedback from representatives of other education providers delivering the LTi Courses within Australia and internationally, ensures that the text stays at the forefront of the global English language teaching profession. Table of Contents Introduction .................................. xi CHAPTER 1: Culturally inclusive learning environment ................. 1 Introduction ..................................................................... 2 1. Language and Culture ...................................................................................... 2 2. Cultural concepts embedded in language ...................................................... 6 3. Language and Language learning ................................................................ 11 4. Learning styles and differences ................................................................... 15 5. Culture and Learning ..................................................................................... 20 6. Practical tips for classroom teaching .......................................................... 23 Summary ................................................................................................................ 43 CHAPTER 2: English language and the Genre approach .................................. 45 1. Register ........................................................................................................... 46 2. Functional grammar ...................................................................................... 50 3. Genre .............................................................................................................. 53 4. Vocabulary ..................................................................................................... 64 5. The Genre approach to TESOL ..................................................................... 65 Summary ................................................................................................................ 70 CHAPTER 3: Teach English grammar ............................................................. 71 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 72 1. Grammar and language learning .................................................................. 72 2. Overview of grammar concepts ................................................................... 73 3. Syntax ............................................................................................................. 99 4. Basic sentence structure ............................................................................ 105 5. Cohesion ....................................................................................................... 107 6. Punctuation .................................................................................................. 110 7. Procedure for teaching grammar ............................................................... 112 8. Grammar activities ...................................................................................... 117 9. Selecting suitable materials for teaching grammar .................................. 120 10. Vocabulary building using grammatical structures .................................... 124 Summary .............................................................................................................. 125 CHAPTER 4: Teach spelling and pronunciation ............................................. 127 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 128 1. Teach Pronunciation ................................................................................... 128 2. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) ........................................................ 129 3. Standard or World English ........................................................................... 135 4. Developing Intelligible pronunciation ......................................................... 137 5. Articulation & Voicing .................................................................................. 139 6. Accent & Stress ............................................................................................ 142 7. Teach sound-spelling relationships ............................................................ 146 8. Terminology ................................................................................................. 147 9. Teaching Methods ....................................................................................... 149 10. Teach Spelling rules ...................................................................................... 152 Summary .............................................................................................................. 155 CHAPTER 5: Teach speaking........................................................................ 157 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 158 1. Spoken genres.............................................................................................. 158 2. Text analysis ................................................................................................ 160 3. Lesson planning ........................................................................................... 166 4. Practice activities ......................................................................................... 167 5. Activity examples ......................................................................................... 169 6. The teacher’s role ........................................................................................ 178 7. Selecting materials ...................................................................................... 180 Summary .............................................................................................................. 182 CHAPTER 6: Teach listening ........................................................................ 183 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 184 1. The listening skill ......................................................................................... 184 2. Listening strategies ..................................................................................... 187 3. Listening texts based on real life listening texts and situations .............. 192 4. Techniques for practising a variety of listening skills ............................... 196 5. Overcoming listening challenges ................................................................ 202 6. Principles for teaching listening comprehension ...................................... 204 8. Listening without written activities ............................................................. 205 9. Example listening lesson plan .................................................................... 207 10. Monitoring ESL learners’ listening ............................................................... 208 Summary .............................................................................................................. 208 CHAPTER 7: Teach reading .......................................................................... 209 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 210 1. Foundational reading skills and conventions ............................................ 210 2. Authentic or adapted real-life texts ............................................................ 216 3. Evaluating Published materials................................................................... 222 4. Reading for social purposes: tasks, texts and strategies ......................... 224 5. Learning activities to develop reading strategies and skills ..................... 225 6. Writing comprehension exercises .............................................................. 229 7. Critical literacy ............................................................................................. 230 8. Reading activities ......................................................................................... 231 9. Example reading lesson plan ...................................................................... 232 10. Giving feedback and correction ................................................................... 233 Summary .............................................................................................................. 233 CHAPTER 8: Teach writing ........................................................................... 235 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 236 1. Teaching foundational writing skills and conventions.............................. 236 2. Needs analysis ............................................................................................. 241 3. Analysing written texts ................................................................................ 241 4. Planning a unit of work ................................................................................ 242 5. Feedback and error correction .................................................................... 247 6. Selecting materials suitable for a range of levels ..................................... 250 7. Example writing lesson plan and activities ................................................ 254 Summary .............................................................................................................. 259 CHAPTER 9: Teach English using technology ............................................... 261 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 262 1. Critical literacy ............................................................................................. 263 2. Benefits of using technology ...................................................................... 264 3. Beginner digital literacy ............................................................................... 267 4. Use internet based resources and activities .............................................. 270 5. Assessment of online participation ........................................................... 279 6. ESL software ................................................................................................ 280 7. Teach word-processing skills ..................................................................... 281 8. Select or design activities using technology ............................................. 282 9. Mobile phone apps ...................................................................................... 285 10. Interactive Whiteboard .................................................................................. 286 11. Creating a filing system ................................................................................ 286 12. Strategies when teaching online .................................................................. 288 Summary .............................................................................................................. 290 CHAPTER 10: English teaching approaches and methods ............................. 291 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 292 1. Traditional approaches ............................................................................... 293 2. Behaviourist Approaches ............................................................................ 298 3. Cognitive Approaches ................................................................................. 303 4. Learner-centred approaches ....................................................................... 308 5. Communicative approaches ....................................................................... 314 6. Postmethod Pedagogy ................................................................................ 324 Summary .............................................................................................................. 326 CHAPTER 11: Design and teach English syllabus .......................................... 327 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 328 1. Needs analysis for developing a task-based syllabus .............................. 330 2. Task analysis ................................................................................................ 332 3. Identifying language learning needs ........................................................... 334 4. Syllabus planning ......................................................................................... 335 5. Plan lessons based on communicative language learning methodology 346 6. Topic-based syllabus ................................................................................... 351 7. Evaluation of Programs ............................................................................... 353 Summary .............................................................................................................. 354 CHAPTER 12: Assessment of English language skills ................................... 355 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 356 1. Assessment in ESL Contexts ...................................................................... 356 2. Forms of assessment and types of evidence ............................................ 359 3. Purposes of assessment ............................................................................ 360 4. Validity, reliability, fairness and flexibility ................................................... 365 5. Assessment design and administration .................................................... 368 6. English language proficiency tests ............................................................. 373 Summary .............................................................................................................. 377 CHAPTER 13: Teach English for academic purposes .................................... 379 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 380 1. Streams within EAP ..................................................................................... 381 2. Develop listening skills for participation in academic contexts ............... 382 3. Develop speaking skills for participation in academic contexts .............. 390 4. Develop reading skills for participation in academic contexts ................. 395 5. Develop writing skills for participation in academic contexts .................. 403 Summary .............................................................................................................. 406 CHAPTER 14: Teach English for specific purposes ....................................... 407 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 408 1. The purpose of ESP Programs .................................................................... 408 2. ESP programs breakdown ........................................................................... 409 3. Developing a learning program in ESP ....................................................... 418 4. Suggested reading ....................................................................................... 423 Summary .............................................................................................................. 423 CHAPTER 15: Teach English to early childhood learners .............................. 425 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 426 1. Language use in the early childhood years ................................................ 429 2. Planning a learning program ....................................................................... 434 3. Monitoring and evaluating ESL learning .................................................... 443 Summary .............................................................................................................. 446 CHAPTER 16: Teach English to primary school-aged learners ...................... 447 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 448 1. The learning context .................................................................................... 448 2. General principles for teaching children .................................................... 449 3. Needs analysis ............................................................................................. 452 4. Responding to language learning needs in planning learning programs 455 5. Planning and implementing lessons .......................................................... 463 6. Giving instructions ....................................................................................... 469 7. Tips for behaviour management ................................................................ 470 8. Some further background information ....................................................... 471 Summary .............................................................................................................. 472 CHAPTER 17: Teach English to teenage learners.......................................... 473 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 474 1. TESOL with teenagers ................................................................................. 474 2. Analysing the language use of teenagers .................................................. 478 3. Creating a learning program ....................................................................... 491 Summary .............................................................................................................. 494 CHAPTER 18: Use music, art and drama to teach English ............................. 495 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 496 1. Music ............................................................................................................ 496 2. Art ................................................................................................................. 505 3. Drama ........................................................................................................... 509 Summary .............................................................................................................. 518 CHAPTER 19: Work with volunteers in English programs .............................. 519 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 520 1. Recruit volunteers ........................................................................................ 523 2. Train volunteers ........................................................................................... 526 3. Including volunteers in your program ......................................................... 527 4. Mentoring and monitoring .......................................................................... 529 5. Avoid volunteer burn-out or abuse ............................................................. 530 Summary .............................................................................................................. 532 CHAPTER 20: Establish community-based English classes ........................... 533 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 534 1. Getting started: evaluating the need........................................................... 534 2. Arrange a suitable venue ............................................................................. 536 3. Arrange necessary equipment .................................................................... 537 4. Arrange insurance cover ............................................................................. 538 5. Apply for funding .......................................................................................... 538 6. Recruit students ........................................................................................... 538 7. Recruit volunteers ........................................................................................ 540 8. Place ESL students into program ............................................................... 543 9. Manage the ESL program ............................................................................ 544 Summary .............................................................................................................. 545 Appendices.................................................................................................. 547 Appendix A: Lesson plan pro-forma ................................................................... 548 Appendix B: Verb tenses – examples and formation ....................................... 549 Appendix C - Summary of verb forms and their uses ....................................... 550 Appendix D – Irregular verbs .............................................................................. 553 Appendix E - International Phonetic Alphabet chart with key words ............... 554 Appendix F - Key word charts ............................................................................. 555 Appendix G – International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Examples ...................... 557 Glossary ...................................................................................................... 559 References .................................................................................................. 563