Descriptive Translation Studies and beyond (Revised Edition)

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Descriptive Translation Studies – and beyond......Page 2 Editorial page......Page 3 Title page......Page 4 LCC data......Page 5 Table of contents......Page 6 Introduction: A case for Descriptive Translation Studies......Page 12 A remark on the new edition......Page 16 Part I. The pivotal position of Descriptive Studies and DTS......Page 18 1. Holmes’ ‘map’ of the discipline......Page 20 2. The organization of DTS......Page 21 3. Between DTS and Translation Theory......Page 25 4. Between Translation Studies and its applied extensions......Page 27 Part II. A rationale for Descriptive Translation Studies......Page 32 1. Approaching translation within a target-oriented framework......Page 34 2. Translations as cultural facts......Page 37 3. In need of proper contextualization......Page 40 4. The notion of ‘assumed translation’......Page 43 5. The contents of the notion of ‘assumed translation’......Page 45 6. Discovery vs. justification procedures......Page 48 1. ‘Problem’ and its terminological status......Page 52 2. The three terminological uses of ‘problem’......Page 55 Excursus A. Pseudotranslations and their significance......Page 64 1. Some uses of pseudotranslating......Page 65 2. Pseudotranslations and Translation Studies......Page 69 3. The enlightening case of Papa Hamlet......Page 72 1. Pairing ‘translation’ and ‘norms’......Page 78 2.1 Agreements, conventions and behavioural routines......Page 79 2.2 Conventions, norms and strategies......Page 80 2.3 Regularities of behaviour and norms......Page 81 2.4 Gradation and relativity......Page 82 3.1 Acts and events......Page 84 3.2 The ‘value’ behind translation......Page 86 3.3 Uniquely translational norms?......Page 88 3.4 Where are translational norms negotiated?......Page 92 3.5 Alternative and competing norms......Page 93 1. The initial norm in translation......Page 96 2. Translational norms: an overview......Page 98 3. The multiplicity of translational norms......Page 103 4. Extracting translational norms......Page 104 1. Assumed translations and their acceptability......Page 110 2. Levels of comparative study......Page 112 3. Coming up with the appropriate source text......Page 116 4. (Observed) solutions and (reconstructed) problems......Page 119 5. Prospective vs. retrospective stances exemplified by metaphor......Page 124 6. Uncovering the underlying concept of translation......Page 127 6. The coupled pair of replacing + replaced segments......Page 132 1. The need for a unit of comparative analysis......Page 133 2. An exemplary analysis of a pair of texts......Page 134 3. Justifying the use of the coupled pair......Page 141 4. Testing the coupling hypothesis in real time......Page 144 7. An exemplary ‘study in Descriptive Studies’......Page 148 1. The phrases’ significance assured......Page 149 2. The use of binomials in translations......Page 151 3. Shifts, relationships, first-level generalizations......Page 153 4. Second-level generalizations and further research prospects......Page 157 5. Applying research findings in actual translation......Page 158 Part III. Translation-in-context......Page 160 1. Prior to 1916: a meaningful void......Page 162 2. 1916-1923: modified ‘Golden Poems’......Page 164 3. 1929: an alternative point of departure......Page 170 4. 1941 onwards: leaving the Golden Poem behind......Page 172 5. A mixed picture again......Page 174 6. One step backwards and two steps forward......Page 175 7. A glimpse into the future......Page 177 1. Mediated translations as an object for study......Page 178 2. The ‘German’ period in Hebrew literature......Page 179 2.1 The concept of translation......Page 180 2.2 The symptomatic status of indirect translation......Page 182 2.3 German culture as a supplier......Page 184 2.4 Translating English texts via German......Page 185 3.1 The ‘Russification’ of Hebrew literature......Page 189 3.2 The relative positions of German and English......Page 190 3.3 The Russified model and translation from other languages......Page 192 4. The Anglicization of Hebrew literature......Page 193 10. Literary organization and translation strategies......Page 196 1. Added rhymes and verbal formulation......Page 198 2. Adding an epic situation and tightening the structure......Page 200 3. What was so wrong with the original model?......Page 202 4. A mediating model and its justification......Page 204 5. External source vs. internal legitimation......Page 206 6. Enhancing the translation’s acceptability......Page 208 8. Appendix......Page 212 Excursus B. ‘Translation of literary texts’ vs. ‘literary translation’......Page 214 1. Two senses of ‘literary translation’......Page 216 2. ‘Linguistic’, ‘textual’ and ‘literary’ modes of translation......Page 218 3. ‘Literary translation’ and target-orientedness......Page 220 4. The gap between the two senses of ‘literary translation’ as a function of cultural distance......Page 223 5. Appendix......Page 227 11. Studying interim solutions......Page 230 1. Trying to close in on the ‘little black box’......Page 231 2. Tracing the emergence of a translation......Page 235 3. Possible implications for Translation Theory......Page 242 1. The materials under study......Page 244 2. Prosodic constraints and the unit of consideration......Page 247 3. Using revisions to uncover constraints......Page 251 4. Conclusions and implications......Page 254 13. Translation-specific lexical items and their lexicographical treatment......Page 258 1. Translation specificity......Page 259 2. Translation-specific lexical items......Page 260 3. Translation-specific lexemes as candidates for the dictionary......Page 265 4. The ‘meaning’ of translation-specific items......Page 266 5. Submitting translations to lexical study......Page 268 6. Towards exemplary dictionary entries......Page 271 14. Experimentation in Translation Studies......Page 274 1. Empirical sciences and empirical methods......Page 275 2.1 Cloze tests......Page 276 2.2 The use of questionnaires......Page 280 3. Process-oriented empirical studies......Page 285 3.1 Think-Aloud Protocols......Page 286 4. Concluding remarks......Page 291 1. Nature vs. nurture in the making of translators......Page 294 2. An innateness hypothesis is not enough......Page 298 3. The making of a ‘native’ translator......Page 301 4. How is a developmental model to be validated?......Page 306 5. Possible implications for translator training......Page 308 1. Non-lawlike generalizations......Page 312 1.1 Lists of possibilities do not constitute laws......Page 313 1.2 Directives are not laws either......Page 314 2. The probabilistic nature of translational laws......Page 317 3.1 The law of growing standardization......Page 320 3.2 First steps towards a law of interference......Page 327 References......Page 334 Name index......Page 354 Subject index......Page 356