Language, Culture, and Society: An Introduction to Linguistic Anthropology

Description

Why should we study language? How do the ways in which we communicate define our identities? And how is this all changing in the digital world? Since 1993, many have turned to Language, Culture, and Society for answers to questions like those above because of its comprehensive coverage of all critical aspects of linguistic anthropology. This seventh edition carries on the legacy while addressing some of the newer pressing and exciting challenges of the 21st century, such as issues of language and power, language ideology, and linguistic diasporas. Chapters on gender, race, and class also examine how language helps create-and is created by-identity. New to this edition are enhanced and updated pedagogical features, such as learning objectives, updated resources for continued learning, and the inclusion of a glossary. There is also an expanded discussion of communication online and of social media outlets and how that universe is changing how we interact. The discussion on race and ethnicity has also been expanded to include Latin- and Asian-American English vernacular. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface 1. Introducing Linguistic Anthropology Learning Objectives Why Should We Study Language? Language in Daily Life Modern Myths Concerning Languages A Brief History of Anthropology Anthropology, Linguistics, and Linguistic Anthropology Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Project Objective Study Questions Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 2. Methods of Linguistic Anthropology Learning Objectives Contrasting Linguistics with Linguistic Anthropology Three Strains of Linguistic Anthropology, and More: Theoretical and Historical Perspectives The Fieldwork Component, and the Components of Fieldwork Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Objective Study Questions Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 3. The “Nuts and Bolts” of Linguistic Anthropology I: Language Is Sound Learning Objectives Anthropologists Notice Language The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Articulation of Speech Sounds From Phones to Phonemes Prosodic Features Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Objective Study Questions Problems Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 4. The “Nuts and Bolts” of Linguistic Anthropology II: Structure of Words and Sentences Learning Objectives Combining Sounds into Larger Formal and Meaningful Units Morphemes and Allomorphs Morphological Processes Morphophonemics Showing Grammatical Relationships: Inflections Versus Word Order Chomsky and Transformational-Generative Grammar Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Objective Study Questions Problems Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 5. Communicating Nonverbally Learning Objectives Paralinguistics Kinesics Proxemics Sign Languages Writing Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Project Objective Study Questions Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 6. The Development and Evolution of Language: Language Birth, Language Growth, and Language Death Learning Objectives Communication and Its Channels Communication Among Nonhuman Primates When Does a Communication System Become Language? Design Features of Language Language as an Evolutionary Product Monogenesis Versus Polygenesis The Life and Death of Languages Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Projects Objective Study Questions Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 7. Acquiring and Using Language(s): Life with First Languages, Second Languages, and More Learning Objectives The First Steps of Language Acquisition in Childhood Some Theories of Language Acquisition Language and the Brain Bilingual and Multilingual Brains Code-Switching, Code-Mixing, and Diglossia Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Projects Objective Study Questions Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 8. Language Through Time Learning Objectives How Languages Are Classified Internal and External Changes How and Why Sound Changes Occur Reconstructing Protolanguages Reconstructing the Ancestral Homeland Time Perspective in Culture Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Objective Study Questions Problems Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 9. Languages in Variation and Languages in Contact Learning Objectives Idiolects Dialects Styles Language Contact Pidgins From Pidgins to Creoles Language Contact in the Contemporary World The World of Languages Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Projects Objective Study Questions Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 10. The Ethnography of Communication Learning Objectives Speech Community and Related Concepts Units of Speech Behavior Components of Communication Recent Trends in the Ethnography of Speaking Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Objective Study Questions Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 11. Culture as Cognition, Culture as Categorization: Meaning and Language in the Conceptual World Learning Objectives The Scope of Semantics Concepts, Words, and Categories The Rise and (Relative) Fall of Ethnoscience Meaning in Discourse and Conversation Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Projects Objective Study Questions Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 12. Language, Culture, and Thought Learning Objectives The Double-Edged Sword of the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis: Linguistic Determinism and Linguistic Relativity The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Reconsidered Color Nomenclature and Other Challenges to Linguistic Relativity Theoretical Alternatives to Linguistic Relativity Future Tests of Linguistic Relativity and Linguistic Determinism Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Projects Objective Study Questions Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 13. Language, Identity, and Ideology I: Variations in Gender Learning Objectives “Gender” Versus “Sex” Grammatical Versus Biological Gender Do Men and Women Speak Differently? Gender and Language: Theoretical Movements Does Grammatical Gender Affect How We Think? Language and Gender: Hegemony, Power, and Ideology Language in Gay, Lesbian, and Transgender Subcultures Some Current Thoughts on Language and Gender Differences Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Projects Objective Study Questions Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 14. Language, Identity, and Ideology II: Variations in Class, “Race,” Ethnicity, and Nationality Learning Objectives Language, Social Class, and Identity Language, “Race,” and Ethnicity Language and Nationality Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Projects Objective Study Questions Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading 15. The Linguistic Anthropology of a Globalized and Digitalized World Learning Objectives Language Planning Literacy, Writing, and Education Intercultural Communication Always On: New Literacies and Language in an Online Global World Ethical Questions and Standards of Conduct Summary and Conclusions Resource Manual and Study Guide Questions for Discussion Project Objective Study Questions Answer Key Notes and Suggestions for Further Reading Glossary Bibliography Index