Progress in the Chemistry of Organic Natural Products 106

Description

Secondary Metabolites from Higher Fungi; 1 Introduction; 2 Pigments of Higher Fungi; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Pigments from the Shikimate-Chorismate Pathway; 2.2.1 Pigments Derived from Arylpyruvic Acids; Terphenylquinones; Pulvinic Acids and Related Butenolides; 2.2.2 Pigments Derived from Cinnamic Acids; 2.2.3 Meroterpenoids Derived from Hydroquinone; Prenylated Benzene Derivatives; Meromonoterpenoids; Merosesquiterpenoids; Meroditerpenoids; 2.3 Pigments from the Acetate-Malonate Pathway; 2.3.1 Pentaketides; 2.3.2 Hexaketides; 2.3.3 Octaketides; Azaphilone Pigments.;The first contribution presents coumarins, the largest group of 1-benzopyran derivatives found in plants. Coumarin chemistry remains one of the major interest areas of phytochemists, especially because of their structural diversity and medicinal properties, along with the wide-ranging bioactivities of these compounds, inclusive of analgesic, anticoagulant anti-HIV, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antineoplastic, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory effects. The second contribution presents a comprehensive survey of the many aspects of PAD biochemistry and physiology. The third contribution gives a comprehensive overview of secondary metabolites from higher fungi, with more than 700 references highlighting the isolation, structure elucidation, biological activities, chemical synthesis, and biosynthesis of pigments, nitrogen-containing compounds, and terpenoids from mushrooms. . Secondary Metabolites from Higher Fungi 1 Introduction 2 Pigments of Higher Fungi 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pigments from the Shikimate-Chorismate Pathway 2.2.1 Pigments Derived from Arylpyruvic Acids Terphenylquinones Pulvinic Acids and Related Butenolides 2.2.2 Pigments Derived from Cinnamic Acids 2.2.3 Meroterpenoids Derived from Hydroquinone Prenylated Benzene Derivatives Meromonoterpenoids Merosesquiterpenoids Meroditerpenoids 2.3 Pigments from the Acetate-Malonate Pathway 2.3.1 Pentaketides 2.3.2 Hexaketides 2.3.3 Octaketides Azaphilone Pigments. 3.3 Other Nitrogen Heterocycles3.4 Nucleosides and Non-protein Amino Acids 3.5 Cyclic Peptides 3.6 Sphingolipids 3.7 Miscellaneous 4 Terpenoids of Higher Fungi 4.1 Sesquiterpenoids 4.1.1 Humulanes 4.1.2 Africanes 4.1.3 Aristolanes 4.1.4 Aromadendranes 4.1.5 Bisabolanes 4.1.6 Cadinanes 4.1.7 Caryophyllanes and Caryophyllane-Related Sesquiterpenoids 4.1.8 Cuparanes 4.1.9 Drimanes 4.1.10 Eremophilanes and Eudesmanes 4.1.11 Hirsutanes and Related Triquinane Sesquiterpenoids 4.1.12 Protoilludanes and Cerapicanes 4.1.13 Fomannosanes 4.1.14 Illudanes and Illudalanes. 4.1.15 Marasmanes4.1.16 Lactaranes and seco-Lactaranes 4.1.17 Sterpuranes 4.1.18 Isolactaranes 4.1.19 Tremulanes and seco-Tremulanes 4.1.20 Alliacanes 4.1.21 Botryanes 4.1.22 Spiroaxanes 4.1.23 Other Skeletons 4.2 Diterpenoids 4.2.1 Cyathanes 4.2.2 Guanacastanes 4.2.3 Isopimaranes 4.2.4 Sordarins 4.2.5 Pleuromutilins 4.2.6 Abietanes 4.2.7 Crinipellins 4.2.8 Miscellaneous Diterpenoids 4.3 Triterpenoids 4.3.1 Ganoderma Lanostanes 4.3.2 Antrodia cinnamomea Ergostanes and Lanostanes 4.3.3 Poria cocos Lanostanes 4.3.4 Lanostanes from Other Mushrooms 4.3.5 Cucurbitanes. 4.3.6 Saponaceolides5 Conclusions References Human Deiminases: Isoforms, Substrate Specificities, Kinetics, and Detection 1 Introduction 2 Isozymes of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 2.1 Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type 1 2.2 Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type 2 2.3 Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type 3 2.4 Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type 4 2.5 Peptidylarginine Deiminase Type 6 3 Isolation and Sequence Determination of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 4 Ca(II) and pH-Dependence of Peptidylarginine Deiminase 5 Mechanism of Catalysis and Active-Site Cleft.