The Palgrave Handbook Of Populism

Description

This handbook assesses the phenomenon of populism – a concept frequently belabored, but often misunderstood in politics. Rising populism presents one of the great challenges for liberal democracies, but despite the large body of research, the larger picture remains elusive. This volume seeks to understand the causes and workings of modern-day populism, and plumb the depths of the fears and frustrations of people who have forsaken established parties. Although the main focus of this volume is political science, there are more disciplines represented in order to get a whole picture of the debate. It is comprised of strong empirical and theoretical papers that also bear social relevance. Preface Contents Notes on Contributors List of Figures List of Tables Part I Populism–Introduction to & Some Reflections on the Concept 1 The New Age of Populism: Reapproaching a Diffuse Concept Populism as a Concept Definitions, Perspectives and Strands of Populism The Normative Attachment to Populism Core Elements of Populism Anti-establishment, ‘for the People’ and Projection on Out-Groups Anti-status Quo (Protest Attitude) and Relative Deprivation Loss (Fear) Economic-Cultural Unimodality and Anti-pluralism Adversity to Political Mediation and the Volonté Générale Simplification Conceptual Flaws and Distinguishment from Other Concepts Defining Populism Literature Part II Theoretical Critique 2 The Past and Present of American Populism *** Literature 3 Populism Is Hegemony Is Politics? Ernesto Laclau’s Theory of Populism Introduction Demands and the People The Unification of the Plebs as an Effect of Its Identification with a Leader Hegemony Is Populism Is Politics Laclau’s Second Thoughts About Popular Subject Positions Is a Crisis a Condition or an Effect of Politics-as-Populism? Do All Politics Require Demands? From a Vague Sense of Solidarity to Stable Identities Laclau’s Self-Referential Bias A More Cautious Reception of OPR Literature 4 “An Antipodean Populism? Winston Peters, New Zealand First, and the Problems of Misclassification” Introduction An Antipodean Populism? The Settler Colonial Context of Aotearoa New Zealand Moffitt’s Model and Pauline Hanson Moffitt’s Model and Peters Policies: Peters and Hanson Moffitt’s Model and Maori Issues Moffitt’s Model and Immigration Peters and Insider Politics Conclusions Literature 5 A Critique of Left-Wing Populism: Critical Materialist and Social-Psychological Perspectives Introduction The Post-Marxist Model of Left-Wing Populism Immanent Critique: The Contradictory Promises of Left-Wing Populism Social-Psychological Critique: The Regressive Entanglements of Left-Wing Populism Conclusion: The Political Implications of Left-Wing Populism Literature Part III The Political Psychology of Populism & its Affective Underpinnings 6 The Psychology of Populism Introduction Who Are the Populists The Psychology of Identity and the Lure of Populism The Power of a Populist Communication Style: Cues, Heuristics and Bias Concluding Thoughts Literature 7 Emotional Mobilization: The Affective Underpinnings of Right-Wing Populist Party Support Forty Years of Radical Right-Wing Populism: An Assessment What Is Right-Wing Populism? What Accounts for the Staying Power of Right-Wing Populist Parties? Methodological Individualism and the Crucial Role of Emotions The Nostalgia Factor Catch-All-Parties of Protest and Structural Factors Prone to Engender Strong Emotions Conclusion: The Need for a Holistic View Literature 8 From Specific Worries to Generalized Anger: The Emotional Dynamics of Right-Wing Political Populism Introduction Emotions and Right-Wing Political Populism Emotions as Predictors of Right-Wing Populist Support Emotions and the populist political style Emotions and Right-Wing Populism: A Dynamic Relationship Method and Data Analytical Strategy Data and Measures Results Discussion and Conclusion Literature Part IV Authoritarian Populism & Fascism 9 Fascism and Populism Populists or Fascists? Argentinean Peronism and the First Debates on Fascism and Populism Fascism Populism Comparing Fascism and Populism Historicity Enemies Linkages Political Imaginaries Postfascism and Right-wing Populisms Conclusion Literature 10 Populism and Authoritarianism Introduction Populism Populism: A Double-Edged Sword Authoritarian Populism Methodology Victor Orbán: Hungary Rodrigo Duterte: The Philippines Donald Trump: The United States Discussion Literature 11 Authoritarian Populism and Collective Memory Manipulation Introduction Historicity of Populism Populism and Its Authoritarian Malformations Collective Memory Manipulations: Sources, Mechanisms, Consequences Concluding … Towards the Analytical Framework Literature 12 The (Almost) Forgotten Elitist Sources of Right-Wing Populism Kaltenbrunner, Höcke and the Distaste for the Masses Elitist “Critiques” of Right-Wing Populism Elitist Thought from Historical to New Right Almost Forgotten Sources Kaltenbrunner’s “Education for the Case of Emergency” Björn Höcke: Elitist Content in Populist Shape Conclusion and Prospects Literature Part V Economic Populism, Inequality & Crises 13 Populism and the Economics of Antitrust The Interconnectedness of Economic and Political Populisms From Political Demagoguery to Economic Policy From Economic Populism to Political Authoritarianism Economic Anthropology of Populism Disenfranchisement and Injustice Small v Big, Us v Others Economic Anthropology of Antitrust Populist Roots of Antitrust Antitrust Cycles Tackling Antitrust Populism Anti-experts and the Holistic View Anti-unfair Competitiveness—The Industrialist Perspective Literature 14 The Red Herring of Economic Populism Introduction TEP Overview Old Wine in Old Bottles TEP’s Northward Migration A Fresh Look at TEP’s Analytical Flaws The Ideological Nature of TEP’s Political Economy Conclusion: The Sad Fate of Weaponized Concepts Literature 15 Populist Mobilization in the United States: Adding Political Economy to Cultural Explanations Introduction Culture vs. Economy: A False Dichotomy Political Factors in U.S. Populist Mobilization Trust Responsiveness Polarization Economic Factors in U.S. Populist Mobilization Deep Inequalities Gloomy Prospects: White Privilege Compromised Conclusion Literature Part VI Populism & Gender 16 Right-Wing Populism and Gender Introduction Intersectionalities Research Report1 General Literature Special Subjects Gender as Meta-Language Outlook Literature 17 ‘The Gendered Politics of Right-Wing Populism and Instersectional Feminist Contestations’ Introduction Gender and the ‘Right-Wing Populist Complex’ Right-Wing Populist Patterns of Gendering Pattern I: Gender as ‘Affective Bridge’ in (Mass) Media Pattern II: Appropriating Women’s Politics for Femonationalist Alliances Pattern III: Against ‘Gender Ideology’ and Affirmative Action Pattern IV: Reverse Anti-Colonialism in Radical Religious and Femoglobal Alliances Pattern V: Gendering of Inequalities, Gendering of Fear Intersectional Feminist Contestations Outlook Literature 18 Popular Sovereignty and (Non)recognition in Venezuela: On the Coming into Political Being of ‘el Pueblo’ Introduction Critique of Populism and Its Others Decolonial Feminisms Framework Narrative Analysis Non-being (Trauma) as the Ontological Starting Point of Popular Political Subjectivity Process of ‘Reconocimiento’/Recognition of (Political) Being Non-being/Non-reconocimiento Conclusion Literature Part VII New Populisms and Cleavages 19 Environmental Populism Introduction Varieties Explanations Effects Outlook Literature 20 Medical Populism Introduction Populism and Health Crises Simplification Spectacularization Forging of Divisions Invocation of Knowledge Claims Conclusion Literature 21 Global Populism Introduction The Populist Rise to the Global Arena The Patterns of Global Populism The Populist Impact on the International System Global Populism: Quo Vadis? Literature 22 Populism and the Cosmopolitan–Communitarian Divide The Lipset–Rokkan Thesis Revisited Does the Cosmopolitism–Communitarianism Divide Constitute a New Cleavage? Cleavages and the Left–Right-Distinction The Misconception of Inglhart’s Postmaterialism How Can the Rise of Populism Be Explained? Literature 23 Populism and the Recasting of the Ideological Landscape of Liberal Democracies The Rise of the Antiestablishment Vote Changes in the Ideological Map of Capitalist Democracies Literature Part VIII Populism Discourses 24 Meaning Matters: The Political Language of Islamic Populism Introduction The Forging of Religious Populism Making, Mediating and Mobilizing Conclusion Literature 25 Populism, Anti-populism and Post-truth Introduction Post-truth and Anti-populism in Greece Truth, Post-truth and Political Representation Theoretical and Political Implications Conclusion Literature 26 Experience Narratives and Populist Rhetoric in U.S. House Primaries Introduction Defining Populism Populism in the United States Populism in Congressional Primaries Analysis Discussion and Conclusion Appendix: Numbers of Contests, Candidates and Votes Literature 27 The Framing of Right-Wing Populism: Intricacies of ‘Populist’ Narratives, Emotions, and Resonance Introduction Populist Wolf Politics in Eastern Germany The Complexities of Popular Resentments Conclusion Literature 28 Populism and Collective Memory Introduction Authoritarian Past and Populism Authoritarian Past Authoritarian Legacies Empirical Applications Conclusions Literature Part IX Populists in Office 29 Populism in Southeast Asia Introduction What Is Populism? Identifying Populists in Southeast Asia The Philippines Indonesia Thailand Beyond the Big Three Explaining Populism Literature 30 Populism in Africa and the Anti-Corruption Trope in Nigeria’s Politics Introduction Populism in Africa: An Overview Nigeria: In Search of the Populist Streak Buhari Administration, Populism and the Electoral Interface Conclusion: Beyond Rhetoric to Objectification Literature 31 Populism in Southern Africa Under Liberation Movements as Governments: The Cases of Namibia, South Africa and Zimbabwe Introduction Liberation Movements as Populist Governments Zimbabwe: Mugabeism After Mugabe Namibia: Nujoma’s Legacy South Africa: Zuma and Beyond Conclusion: The End of Big Men? Literature 32 Venezuela: The Institutionalization of Authoritarian Populism Introduction Reconciling the Concepts of Institutionalization, Populism and Authoritarianism Establishing a Personalist Myth: The Populist Regime of Hugo Chávez, 1999–2013 The Institutionalization of the Charismatic Legacy After 2013 Conclusion Literature 33 Populist Neo-Imperialism: A New Take on Populist Foreign Policy Introduction Populist Foreign Policy and Right-Wing Populism Research Puzzle and the Case for Populist Neo-Imperialism Turkey’s Right-Wing Populists Fall Out of Line The Three Pillars of Neo-Imperial Populist Foreign Policy Testing for Populist Neo-Imperialism in Three Former Imperial Countries Necessary Conditions for Populist Neo-Imperialism Ideology as the Sufficient Condition: The “Thickness” of Populist Neo-Imperialism Conclusion Literature Part X Strategic Populism & Societal Support 34 Populism as an Implementation of National Biopolitics: The Case of Poland Theoretical Premises Populism in the Question Populism and the Right to Property Populism and Extremism Legal Populism Procreative Policy Instead of the End Literature 35 Understanding the Support of Right-Wing Populist Positions Within Unsuspected Groups: The Case of Professional Social Workers in Italy Introduction Right-Wing Populism and Social Work in Italy The Study: Objectives and Methods Who Are the Right-Wing Populist Social Workers? Betraying or Betrayed? Conclusions Literature 36 Clarifying Our Populist Moment(s): Right-Wing and Left-Wing Populism in the 2016 Presidential Election Introduction The Two Populisms of 2016 Right-Wing and Left-Wing Populism Data and Methods A Two-Factor Solution: EFA and CFA Who Are the Right-Wing and Left-Wing Populists? Effects on Presidential Voting Behavior Null Effects for Democrats: Why? Conclusion Literature Part XI Consequences of Populism & Anti-Populist Discourse 37 New Parties, Populism, and Parliamentary Polarization: Evidence from Plenary Debates in the German Bundestag Introduction Populism, New Parties, and Polarization New Populist and Non-populist Parties in Germany Data and Method Measuring Populist Speech Measuring Polarization Parliamentary Debates and New (Populist) Parties in Germany Summary Literature 38 The Enemy in My House: How Right-Wing Populism Radicalized the Debate About Citizenship in France Introduction Theoretical Framework Definition of Populism Securitization Theory Securitizing Populist Divide Citizenship in France Empirical Analysis First Wave of Securitization: Grenoble Second Wave of Securitization: Paris Discussion of Our Findings Conclusion Literature 39 Can Right-Wing Populist Parties Solve the “Democratic Dilemma”? Introduction Theory Empirical Strategy Data and Measurement Methods Results and Discussion Conclusion Literature 40 Searching for the Philosopher’s Stone: Counterstrategies Against Populism Populist Movements as Serious Threats for Liberal Democracy Counterstrategies Along the Three Dimensions of Populism Actor-Related Counterstrategies: Combating the Symptoms of Populism Claiming a Ban and Forming a Cordon Sanitaire on Populism Ignore Populism Maintain the Status Quo and Tolerance Adapt the Concerns and Rhetoric of Populists Cooperating and Collaborating Supporter-Related Counterstrategies—Combating the Causes of Populism Confrontation Active Discussion Increasing Deliberative Political Participation Media Awareness and Education Secure Socio-economic Welfare and Incorporate Cultural Issues Concluding Remarks Bibliography Index