Biodegradable PBAT Plastics and Composites

Description

This book systematically summarizes the development of biodegradable polyester PBAT in recent decades and describes in detail the layout of the panel, technology and equipment, roadway support, and other aspects of PBAT synthesis, structure, properties, and manufacturing. The subject of the book belongs to materials, especially polymer science. The latest scientific research achievements, such as the life circle analysis of PBAT resin, PBAT-based alloys, PBAT plastics blending with biomass, advanced digital technology for PBAT blending, e.g., PBAT molding process, evaluation, and certification of PBAT biodegradability, are also analyzed and summarized. In general, this book comprehensively displays the development process and latest achievements of PBAT resin, aiming to promote China's advanced biodegradable plastics technology to the reader in the whole world, and has significant social significance. Cover Half Title Poly(Butylene Adipate-co-Terephthalate) Biodegradable PBAT Plastics and Composites Copyright Foreword by Yuzhong Wang Foreword by Baohua Guo Introduction Contents About the Author 1. Introduction 1.1 Overview of Biodegradable Plastics 1.1.1 Petro-Based Biodegradable Plastics 1.1.2 Bio-based Biodegradable Plastics 1.2 Biodegradable Plastics PBAT 1.2.1 PBAT Resin 1.2.1.1 Basic Properties of PBAT Resin 1.2.1.2 The Development Status of PBAT Resin 1.2.2 PBAT Plastics 1.2.2.1 PBAT/Biomass Plastics 1.2.2.2 PBAT/Inorganic Powder Plastics 1.2.2.3 PBAT Alloy Plastics 1.2.3 PBAT Products 1.2.3.1 Biodegradable Shopping Bags 1.2.3.2 Biodegradable Garbage Bags 1.2.3.3 Biodegradable Agricultural Mulch Film 1.2.3.4 Biodegradable Express Packaging Bags 1.2.3.5 Biodegradable Biofilm 1.2.3.6 Disposable Tableware References 2. PBAT Resin Synthetic Raw Materials 2.1 1, 4-Butanediol (BDO) 2.1.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of BDO 2.1.1.1Physical Properties of BDO 2.1.1.2Chemical Properties of BDO 2.1.2 Synthesis Process of BDO 2.1.2.1 Acetaldehyde Method 2.1.2.2 Maleic Anhydride Method 2.1.2.3 1,3-Butadiene 2.1.2.4 Butadiene 2.1.2.5 Bio-based Method 2.1.2.6 Comparison and Development of Different Synthetic Process Technologies 2.1.3 Downstream Applications of BDO 2.1.3.1 Synthesis of Tetrahydrofuran and Its Derivatives 2.1.3.2 Synthesis of GBL and Its Derivatives 2.1.3.3 Synthetic Resin 2.1.4 Status of Development of BDO 2.2 Terephthalic Acid (PTA) 2.2.1 Physical and Chemical Properties of PTA 2.2.1.1 Physical Properties of PTA 2.2.1.2 Chemical Properties of PTA 2.2.2 Synthesis Process of PTA 2.2.2.1 Liquid Phase Oxidation of Paraxylene (PX) 2.2.2.2 Isophthalic Acid Rearrangement 2.2.2.3 Toluene Oxidative Disproportionation 2.2.2.4 Bio-based Fermentation 2.2.2.5 Comparison and Development of Different Synthesis Processes 2.2.2.6 Refining Process for PTA 2.2.3 Downstream Applications of PTA 2.2.4 Development of PTA 2.3 Adipic Acid (AA) 2.3.1 Physicochemical Properties of AA 2.3.1.1 Physical Properties of AA 2.3.1.2 Chemical Properties of AA 2.3.2 Synthesis Process of AA 2.3.2.1 Phenol Method 2.3.2.2 Cyclohexane Method 2.3.2.3 Cyclohexene Method 2.3.2.4 Butadiene Method 2.3.2.5 Biological Method 2.3.2.6 Comparison of Different Synthesis Processes 2.3.3 Downstream Application of AA 2.3.4 Status of Development of AA 2.4 Bio-based Monomers 2.4.1 Lactic Acid (LA) 2.4.2 Succinic Acid (SA） 2.4.3 Furan-2,5-Dicarboxylic Acid (FDCA) 2.4.4 1, 3-propanediol (PDO) 2.5 Additives 2.5.1 Catalyst 2.5.1.1 Zinc Acetate Catalyst 2.5.1.2 Tetrabutyl Titanate Catalyst 2.5.1.3 Hydrolysis Resistance Catalyst 2.5.2 Thermal Stablizer 2.5.2.1 TMP 2.5.2.2 TPP 2.5.2.3 TEPA 2.5.3 Branching Agent 2.5.4 Chain Extender References 3. Synthesis of PBAT Resin 3.1 PBAT Synthesis Reaction 3.1.1 Esterification Reaction 3.1.2 Condensation Reaction 3.1.3 Side Reactions 3.1.3.1 Side Reactions of THF Formation 3.1.3.2 Side Reactions of Terminal Carboxy and Terminal Butenyl Groups Are Generated 3.1.3.3 Side Reactions of Cyclopentanone Formation 3.2 PBAT Synthesis Process Route 3.2.1 Esterification Process Route 3.2.1.1 Mixed Esterification Method 3.2.1.2 Separate Esterification Method 3.2.1.3 Series Esterification Method 3.2.2 Polycondensation Process Route 3.3 PBAT Synthesis Process Control 3.3.1 Process Control of Slurry System 3.3.2 Process Control of Esterification System 3.3.3 Process Control of Polycondensation System 3.3.4 Process Control of Other Systems 3.3.5 Summary 3.4 Domestic and Foreign Production Technology Development Status References 4. Structure and Properties of PBAT Resin 4.1 Structure of PBAT Resin 4.1.1 Chemical Structure of PBAT Resin 4.1.2 Crystal Structure of PBAT Resin 4.1.2.1 Crystal Composition and Morphology of PBAT Resin 4.1.2.2 Crystallization Orientation of PBAT Resin 4.1.2.3 Crystallization Kinetics of PBAT Resin 4.2 General Requirements of PBAT Resin and Its Testing Methods 4.2.1 Melt Mass Flow Rate 4.2.1.1 Principle of Determination 4.2.1.2 MFR Determination Method 4.2.2 Carboxyl Content 4.2.2.1 Volumetric Method 4.2.2.2 Potentiometric Titration Method 4.2.3 Melting Point 4.2.3.1 Principle of Determination 4.2.3.2 PBAT Melting Point Determination Method 4.2.4 Color Value 4.2.4.1 Principle of Determination 4.2.4.2 Determination Method 4.2.5 Mechanical Properties 4.2.5.1 Stretching 4.2.5.2 Bending 4.2.5.3 Vicat Softening Point (VST) 4.3 PBAT Resin Quality Control Method 4.3.1 Control Method of Melt Mass Flow Rate 4.3.2 Control Method of Terminal Carboxyl Content 4.3.3 Control Method of Melting Point 4.3.4 Control Method of Color Value 4.3.5 Control Method of Degradation Performance References 5. PBAT Plastics 5.1 PBAT Plastics Blending with Biomass 5.1.1 PBAT/Starch Blending Plastics 5.1.2 PBAT/Cellulose Blending Plastics 5.1.3 PBAT/Lignin Blending Plastics 5.1.4 PBAT/Chitosan Blending Plastics 5.1.5 PBAT Plastics Blending with Other Biomass 5.2 PBAT Plastics Blending with Inorganic Powders 5.2.1 PBAT/Calcium Carbonate Blending Plastics 5.2.2 PBAT/Talc Blending Plastics 5.2.3 PBAT/Montmorillonite Blending Plastics 5.2.4 PBAT/Type Hydrotalcite Blending Plastics 5.2.5 PBAT/Nanocarbons Blending Plastics 5.3 PBAT Based Alloys 5.3.1 PBAT/PLA Alloys 5.3.2 PBAT/PBS Alloys 5.3.3 PBAT/PHA Alloys 5.3.4 PBAT/PCL Alloys 5.3.5 PBAT/PGA Alloys 5.3.6 PBAT/PPC Alloys 5.3.7 Other Alloys with PBAT References 6. PBAT Plastics Green Manufacturing 6.1 Extruder 6.1.1 Classification of Twin-Screw Extruders 6.1.1.1 Meshing and Non-meshing Twin-Screw Extruders 6.1.1.2 Co-rotating and Antirotating Twin Screw Extruders 6.1.1.3 Parallel and Conical Twin Screw Extruders 6.1.1.4 Open and Closed Twin-Screw Extruders 6.1.2 The Twin Screw Extruder is Made 6.1.2.1 Base 6.1.2.2 Transmission System 6.1.2.3 Extrusion System 6.1.2.4 Temperature Control System 6.1.2.5 Man–Machine Interface Control System 6.1.3 Parameters of the Twin-Screw Extruder 6.1.3.1 Screw Diameter (D0) 6.1.3.2 Center Distance (a) 6.1.3.3 Thread Head Number (Z) 6.1.3.4 Lead (S) and Pitch (P) 6.1.3.5 Outer Diameter/Inner Diameter Ratio (D0/Di) of Threaded Elements 6.1.3.6 Torque Coefficient (Md/a3) 6.1.3.7 Screw Length to Diameter Ratio (L/D) 6.1.3.8 Screw Speed Range 6.2 Screw Combination Design of Extruder 6.2.1 Introduction of Screw Barrel and Thread Element 6.2.1.1 Screw Barrel 6.2.1.2 Threaded Elements 6.2.2 Extruder Theory 6.2.2.1 Solid Transport Theory 6.2.2.2 Melting Theory 6.2.3 Screw Combination Design 6.2.3.1 Screw Combination of Feeding Section 6.2.3.2 Screw Combination of Solid Conveying Section 6.2.3.3 Screw Combination in the Fused Plasticsizing Section 6.2.3.4 Screw Configuration of the Mixing Section 6.2.3.5 Screw Configuration of the Exhaust Section 6.3 Enlarge the Design 6.3.1 Process Design Principles 6.3.2 PBAT Plastics Manufacturing Line Design 6.3.2.1 Mixing Equipment 6.3.2.2 Measuring Equipment 6.3.2.3 Extrusion Equipment 6.3.2.4 Production Line Design Case 6.4 Blend Digital Factory 6.4.1 Current Status of Plastics Blend Manufacturing 6.4.2 Development Direction of Plastics Blending Industry 6.4.3 Advanced Digital Technology for Plastics Blending 6.4.4 PBAT Plastics Blend Intelligent Manufacturing Technology References 7. PBAT Products 7.1 PBAT Molding Process 7.1.1 Film Blowing Molding 7.1.1.1 Film Blowing Equipment 7.1.1.2 Film Blowing Process 7.1.1.3 PBAT Blowing Film Molding 7.1.2 Cast Forming 7.1.2.1 Flow Casting Equipment 7.1.2.2 Flow Casting Process 7.1.2.3 PBAT Flow Casting 7.1.3 Extrusion Molding 7.1.3.1 Extrusion Equipment 7.1.3.2 Extruder Process 7.1.3.3 PBAT Extrusion Molding 7.1.4 Injection Molding 7.1.4.1 Injection Molding Equipment 7.1.4.2 Injection Molding Process 7.1.4.3 PBAT Injection Molding 7.1.5 Composite Molding 7.1.5.1 Composite Equipment 7.1.5.2 Composite Process 7.1.5.3 PBAT Composite Molding 7.2 Application of PBAT 7.2.1 Application of Membrane Bag 7.2.1.1 Carrying Bag 7.2.1.2 Express Package 7.2.1.3 Agricultural Mulching Film 7.2.1.4 Composite Membrane (film) Bag 7.2.1.5 Thermal Shrinkage Film 7.2.1.6 Plastics Wrap 7.2.1.7 Other Membrane Bag Applications 7.2.2 Application for Injection Molding 7.2.2.1 Tableware 7.2.2.2 Coffee Capsules 7.2.2.3 Other Injection Molding Applications 7.2.3 Extruding Applications 7.2.3.1 Straws 7.2.3.2 Blister Sheet 7.2.3.3 Wire 7.2.4 Other Types of Applications 7.2.4.1 Foaming Applications 7.2.4.2 Non-woven Fabrics 7.2.4.3 Blow Molding Applications References 8. Evaluation and Certification of PBAT Biodegradability 8.1 Biodegradability of PBAT 8.1.1 Biodegradability of PBAT Resin 8.1.2 Biodegradability of PBAT Plastics 8.2 Evaluation of Biodegradability 8.2.1 Test in Compost 8.2.2 Test Under Anaerobic Conditions 8.2.3 Test in Soil 8.2.4 Test in Water 8.3 Certification for Biodegradability 8.3.1 Main Types of Certifications 8.3.2 Common Certification Bodies 8.3.2.1 European Institutions and Certifications 8.3.2.2 American Institutions and Certifications 8.3.2.3 Australian Institutions and Certifications 8.3.2.4 Asian Institutions and Certifications 8.3.3 Basic Certification Process References 9. PBAT Life Cycle Evaluation 9.1 Origin of Life Cycle Research 9.2 Life Cycle Research Methods and Standards 9.3 Lifecycle Research Databases and Software 9.3.1 Determination of Research Scope and Data Sources 9.3.1.1 Objectives of the Study 9.3.1.2 Scope of Study 9.3.1.3 Data Collection and Collation 9.3.2 LCA Analysis of Industrial PBAT References Appendix A: Common Abbreviations and Codes for Biodegradable Plastics Appendix B: Common Standards for Biodegradable Plastics B.1 Standards of Products B.2 Standards of Methods Appendix C: Authoritative Testing Institution for Biodegradable Plastics Appendix D: Biodegradable Plastics Scale Companies and Product Series D.1 Global PBAT Resin Scale Companies D.2 PBAT Type Modification Companies Appendix E: The Origin and Development of Plastics Appendix F: The Origin and Development of Biodegradable Plastics Appendix G: Biodegradable Plastics Family Diagram Appendix H: Biodegradable Plastics “PB” Family Diagram