Human Trafficking in Africa: New Paradigms, New Perspectives

Description

This edited volume examines the contemporary practice of human trafficking on the African continent. It investigates the scourge of human trafficking in Africa from the broader international and regional perspectives as well as from a country-specific context. Written by a multi-disciplinary panel of academics and practitioners, the book is divided into three sections that highlight a wide range of issues.  Section One examines the theoretical and legal challenges of trafficking. Section Two focuses on the regional and nation-state perspectives of human trafficking along with selected cases of trafficking. Section Three highlights the impact of trafficking on youth, with specific attention given to child soldiering and female victims of trafficking.  Providing a multi-faceted approach to a problem that crosses multiple disciplines, this volume will be useful to scholars and students interested in African politics, African studies, migration, human rights, sociology, law, and economics as well as members of the diplomatic corps, governmental, intergovernmental, and non-governmental organizations. Preface Acknowledgements Introduction Abbreviations Contents About the Contributors About the Editors Contributors Part I: Theoreties, Protocols, and Policy Framework Chapter 1: Evaluation of the Narrative Paradigm and Knowledge Gap Theories in Interrogating Human Trafficking in the Nigerian Context 1.1 Introduction 1.1.1 The Concern 1.1.2 Study Focus 1.2 Empirical Evidence 1.3 Theoretical Bench 1.4 Methodology 1.5 Findings 1.5.1 Descriptive Analysis Output (Tables 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 1.10, and 1.11) 1.6 Discussion of Findings 1.7 Conclusion 1.7.1 Recommendation(s) Bibliography Chapter 2: Extending the International Criminal Court’s Jurisdiction to Corporate Entities: An African Perspective 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Jurisprudence on Corporate International Criminal Culpability 2.3 Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court 2.3.1 The Object and Purpose of the Rome Statute 2.3.1.1 The Principle of Complementarity 2.4 The Position by Other International Judicial Bodies on Corporate Criminal Liability 2.5 Making the Case Against Corporate Entities in Africa for International Crimes Within the Jurisdiction of the ICC 2.5.1 The Situation in the Three African Countries 2.6 The Scope of Enslavement as Per the Rome Statute 2.6.1 Definition of Forced Labour 2.6.1.1 The Culpability of the Corporate Entities Under Article 25 of the Rome Statute 2.7 Assessing the Acts of the Corporate Entities Against the Requirements Under the Chapeau Elements of Crimes Against Humanity as Per the Rome Statute 2.8 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 3: Do International Legal Instruments Curb Human Trafficking or Exacerbate the Problem?: African States and the European Union–An Examination of the Lomé and Cotonou Agreements 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Purpose of the Study 3.1.2 Methodology 3.1.3 Theoretical Framework 3.2 Review of the Literature 3.3 Discussion and Analysis 3.3.1 Background: The Rome Treaty and Yaoundé Convention 3.3.2 The Intersection of the Lomé Agreement and Its Utility Function 3.3.3 The Intersection of Cotonou and Its Utility Function 3.4 Conclusions: The Implications of Eurafrica Legal Agreements on Human Trafficking Bibliography Chapter 4: Human Trafficking in Africa: Strategies for Combatting the Menace 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Conceptual Clarification 4.3 Overview of the Demographic Pattern of Persons Trafficked in Africa 4.4 Nature and Reasons for Human Trafficking in Africa 4.4.1 Reasons for Human Trafficking: Supply and Demand Sides of Human Trafficking 4.4.1.1 Supply Side 4.4.1.2 Demand Side Demand for Cheap Labor 4.5 Strategies for Combating Human Trafficking in Africa 4.5.1 Economic Empowerment 4.5.2 Public Enlightenment Campaigns 4.5.3 Use of Local Anti-trafficking Task Forces 4.5.4 Use of Effective Social Protection Interventions to Ameliorate the Effects of Poverty 4.5.5 Formulation and Effective Implementation of Anti-trafficking Laws 4.6 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 5: A Legal Appraisal on Human Trafficking at Sea 5.1 Migration Flow in the Mediterranean 5.2 Legal Frameworks 5.2.1 General Legal Framework 5.2.2 Specific Legal Framework at Sea 5.2.3 The Intersection of Forced Labour and Slavery 5.3 The Regional Approach in Europe 5.4 The Protection of the Victims at Sea 5.5 Implementation Issues 5.5.1 Issues with Smuggling 5.5.2 Issues with Prosecution 5.6 Final Considerations Bibliography Chapter 6: Understanding Technology and Human Trafficking in Africa 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Human Trafficking in Sub-Saharan Africa 6.3 Technology as a Facilitator of Human Trafficking in Africa 6.3.1 “Sinai Trafficking”: ICTs, Torture, and Trafficking for Ransom 6.3.2 Libya: ICTs, Torture, Extortion, and Ransom 6.3.3 “Digital Black Holes” as Drivers of Human Trafficking 6.3.3.1 Technology Facilitating the Invisibility and Impunity of Traffickers 6.4 The Use of Technology to Combat Human Trafficking in Africa 6.5 Prosecution 6.6 Protection 6.7 Prevention 6.7.1 Awareness Creation 6.7.1.1 Facial Recognition Technologies to Prevent Human Trafficking 6.7.1.2 International Child Sexual Exploitation Database 6.7.1.3 Using Databases to Prevent Human Trafficking 6.8 Conclusion References Chapter 7: How to Combat Human Trafficking on the Continent 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Indicators of Successful Counter-Trafficking Initiatives 7.2.1 Contextualizing Success Indicators for African Countries 7.3 Exploration of TIP Report’s Minimum Standards Compliance for TIP Elimination in African Countries: A Comparison 7.4 How to Combat Trafficking in Persons in Africa 7.4.1 Pursuit of Sustainable Human Development to Reduce Vulnerabilities 7.4.2 Deliberately Targeted Counter-Trafficking Initiatives 7.5 Conclusion Bibliography Part II: Global and Regional Perspectives Chapter 8: Trafficking in Persons in Tunisia: Between Law and Reality—Perspective of Women Victims of Transnational Trafficking 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Context 8.2 Legal Frame of Human Trafficking in Tunisia 8.2.1 The Legal Framework of Today 8.2.1.1 Tunisian Law 8.3 Meeting with Potential Victims of Trafficking 8.3.1 Methodology 8.3.2 Results 8.4 Discussion and Analysis 8.4.1 The Difficulties and Barriers on the Part of Care for Victims 8.4.1.1 The Provisions of the Law Relating to the Protection and Monitoring of the Files of Victims of Transnational Trafficking 8.4.1.2 The Gaps Between Law and Current Practices 8.5 Concluding Statements and Opening New Horizons Annexes Annex I Annex II Annex III Bibliography Chapter 9: A Comprehensive Analysis on Global Human Trafficking: Spotlight on North African Region 9.1 Introduction of Human Trafficking 9.1.1 Operationalizing the Meaning of Human Trafficking 9.1.1.1 Palermo Protocol 9.2 Child Trafficking and Labor 9.3 Sustainable Economic Development Assessment: An Introduction 9.4 Human Trafficking and Sustainable Economic Development Assessment of North African Region: Analysis of Individual Countries 9.5 Concluding Statements Bibliography Chapter 10: Trafficking in Body Parts and Human Organs for Commercial and Non-commercial Purposes in Africa 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Trafficking in Body Parts and Organs in the Traditional Sense 10.3 Stolen or Missing Body Parts and Human Organs in Africa 10.4 Body Parts and Human Organs: The African Reality 10.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 11: Human Trafficking and Tales of “Backway” Returnees in the Gambia 11.1 Introduction 11.1.1 Research Methodology 11.2 Human Trafficking in West Africa: The Search for Golden Fleece Abroad 11.3 The “Backway” Routes and Illegal Migration in the Gambia 11.4 Human Trafficking and Irregular Migration in the Gambia: Tales of “Backway” Returnees and Rehabilitation Efforts 11.5 Conclusion and Recommendations Bibliography Chapter 12: Poverty and Sex Work: Human Trafficking in Selected Nigerian Video Films 12.1 Introduction: Human Trafficking in Nigerian Cultural Productions 12.1.1 Theoretical Framework 12.2 Family, Poverty, and Human Trafficking: Lady Bianca: Enslaved in Europe 12.3 Personal Desire, Prostitution, and Remittance: Europe in My Heart 12.4 Migration, Crime, and Punishment: Western Union Part 1 and 2 12.5 Nollywood Filmmakers Framing of Victims, Traffickers, and the Issue of Remittance 12.6 Conclusions Bibliography Chapter 13: Human Trafficking and Violation of Girls’ Rights to Education in Sub-Saharan Africa 13.1 Introduction 13.2 About Human Rights and Education as a Human Rights Issue 13.3 The Intersection of Human Trafficking and Rights of Girls to Education in Sub-Saharan Africa 13.4 Why Does Human Trafficking Occur and Persist in Sub-Saharan Africa? 13.5 Impact of Human Trafficking on Human Rights in Africa 13.6 Impact of Human Trafficking on the Rights of Girls to Education 13.7 Challenges with the Enforcement of Laws Regarding the Rights of Girls to Education in Sub-Saharan Africa 13.8 Why Do Traffickers Focus on Female Students? 13.9 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 14: Human Trafficking in Southern Africa 14.1 Introduction 14.2 The Africa Region and Human Trafficking 14.2.1 SADC Regional Trends and Common Features 14.2.1.1 The Southern Africa Development Community Uniqueness 14.2.1.2 Children-Centered and Women-Centered Responses to Human Trafficking 14.2.1.3 Drivers of Human Trafficking 14.3 Cases of Human Trafficking 14.4 Lessons from the SADC Experience with Human Trafficking 14.4.1 Recommendations 14.5 Conclusion Bibliography Part III: Child Soldiers and Female Victims Chapter 15: Sex Trafficking of Girls: The West African Quandary 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Sex Trafficking: Then and Now 15.3 Using Routine Activities Theory to Understand Sex Trafficking 15.4 Sex Trafficking of African Girls 15.4.1 Sex Trafficking Practices and Trends: Africa 15.4.1.1 Sex Trafficking: West Africa Nigeria Ghana Recounting Their Experiences 15.5 A Brief Look at Laws, Policies, and Protections 15.5.1 Western Africa 15.5.1.1 Nigeria Laws 15.6 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 16: “Vidomegon” and the Intricacy of Child Exploitation and Trafficking in the Republic of Benin 16.1 Introduction 16.2 General System Theory (GST) 16.3 Evolution of Cultural Practice of Vidomegon and Its Intricacies on Modern Child Trafficking and Exploitation in Benin 16.3.1 Economic Crisis of the 1980s and Its Implication on Modern Phenomenon of Child Exploitation and Trafficking in the Republic of Benin 16.3.2 Implications of Modern Practice of Vidomegon on Children in the Republic of Benin 16.4 Institutional Efforts Toward Addressing the Intricacies of Vidomegon Vis-à-Vis Child Trafficking in the Republic of Benin 16.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 17: Child Soldiering and Its Violence to Children and Humanity: The African Experience 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Alarming Increase in Child Soldiering 17.2.1 African Children as Soldiers 17.3 Factors That Engender Child Soldiering 17.4 Predisposition and Motivation 17.5 Physical and Mental Health Issues Associated with Child Soldiering 17.6 Measures Toward Limiting and Eradicating the Use of Child Soldiers 17.7 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 18: The Menace of Child Soldiers in Conflicts: An Emerging Threat to Regional Security in Africa 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Theoretical Framework and Analysis 18.3 Efforts to Curtail the Emerging Threats of the Use of Child Soldiers in Africa 18.3.1 Factors That Contribute to the Recruitment and Use of Child Soldiers in Africa 18.3.2 The Regional Security Implication of the Use of Child Soldiers in Africa 18.4 Mitigation of the Use of the Child Soldiers in Africa 18.5 Conclusion Bibliography Chapter 19: Child Soldiering in Somalia in the Context of Terrorism 19.1 Introduction 19.2 A Disturbing Context 19.3 Background 19.4 Understanding Child Soldiering 19.5 Normative and Policy Frameworks 19.6 Drivers of Child Soldiering in Somalia 19.7 Child Soldier Recruitment and Use by Parties to the Conflict 19.7.1 Child Soldier Recruitment and Use by al-Shabaab 19.7.2 Child Soldier Recruitment and Use by Government Forces 19.8 Child Soldier Recruitment and Use by Other Non-State Armed Actors 19.9 Countering Child Soldiering and Related Challenges 19.10 The Way Forward 19.10.1 Effective Implementation of a Strategy That Addresses Triggers 19.10.2 Leveraging Community Agency and Resilience 19.10.3 Partnering with Civil Society Organizations 19.10.4 Psychological Support and Effective Reintegration of Former Child Soldiers 19.10.5 Proper Screening of Militias for Integration into Security Forces 19.11 Conclusion References Index