Biomedical Applications of Inorganic Materials

Description

This book provides a contemporary research-led overview of the applications of inorganic materials in biomedicine. It begins with a short introduction summarising key concepts in inorganic materials (layered materials, framework materials etc.), and explaining the need for new materials in medicine. It then discusses the key areas in which inorganic materials have been applied, considering: drug delivery; imaging; diagnostics and theranostics; hard matter restoration; and vaccines. Each chapter gives an overview of the major extant challenges in the research area, before presenting a systematic review of how inorganic materials have been applied to gain traction in the field. A clear focus is maintained on the fate of the applied materials in vivo, clinical considerations, and the path to translation from lab to clinic. With contributions from leading researchers, Biomedical Applications of Inorganic Materials will provide a comprehensive introduction for advanced undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers wishing to learn about the topic. Cover Series Preface Contents Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 1.2 Noble Metals 1.3 Ferromagnetic Metals 1.4 Quantum Dots 1.5 Carbon Materials 1.6 Layered Double Hydroxides 1.7 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides 1.8 Silica-based Biomaterials 1.9 Metal–Organic Frameworks 1.10 Scope References Chapter 2 Inorganic Materials in Drug Delivery 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Metal–Organic Frameworks 2.2.1 Introduction 2.2.2 General Synthesis Methods 2.2.3 Typical Properties 2.2.4 Biocompatibility 2.2.5 In Vivo Toxicity 2.2.6 Drug Loading and Delivery 2.2.7 Stimuli-responsive Drug Delivery 2.2.8 Combination with Other Materials and Techniques 2.2.9 Summary and Outlook 2.3 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles 2.3.1 Introduction 2.3.2 Synthesis of MSNs 2.3.3 MSN Characteristics Influencing Drug Delivery 2.3.4 MSN-based Drug Delivery 2.3.5 Multifunctional MSNs 2.3.6 Summary and Outlook 2.4 Layered Materials 2.4.1 Introduction 2.4.2 Properties of Layered Materials 2.4.3 Types of Layered Materials 2.4.4 General Synthesis 2.4.5 Cytotoxicity 2.4.6 Drug Delivery 2.4.7 Summary and Outlook 2.5 Metallic Nanoparticles 2.5.1 Introduction 2.5.2 Synthesis and Properties 2.5.3 Cytotoxicity and Biocompatibility 2.5.4 Drug Delivery and Targeting 2.5.5 Combining Drug Delivery with Other Techniques 2.5.6 Hybrid Nanoparticles 2.5.7 Summary and Outlook 2.6 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Imaging Applications of Inorganic Nanomaterials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Classes of Inorganic Nanomaterials for Diagnostic Imaging 3.2.1 Magnetic Nanomaterials 3.2.2 Optical Nanomaterials 3.2.3 Acoustic Nanomaterials 3.2.4 Nuclear Nanomaterials 3.2.5 Carrier Nanomaterials 3.3 Inorganic Materials in Diagnostic Imaging Modalities 3.3.1 MRI Contrast Agents 3.3.2 Nuclear Imaging Nanoprobes 3.3.3 Optical Imaging Nanoprobes 3.3.4 X-ray Computed Tomography Nanoprobes 3.3.5 Ultrasound Nanoprobes 3.3.6 PAI and PAT Nanoprobes 3.3.7 Comparison of Imaging Techniques and Advantages of Multimodality 3.4 Applications in Bioimaging 3.4.1 Single Modality Agents 3.4.2 Agents for Dual and Higher-modality Imaging 3.4.3 Agents for Higher-modality Imaging 3.5 In Vivo Biodistribution, Excretion, and Toxicity of Nanomaterials 3.6 Examples of Clinical Trials 3.7 Conclusions and Perspectives References Chapter 4 Diagnostic and Theranostic Applications of Inorganic Materials 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Inorganic Nanomaterials in the Biomedical Field 4.2.1 Iron Oxide-based Nanomaterials 4.2.2 Gold-based Nanomaterials 4.2.3 Silica-based Nanomaterials 4.2.4 Carbon-based Nanomaterials 4.2.5 Other Inorganic Nanomaterials 4.3 Inorganic Nanomaterials for Biomarker Detection 4.3.1 Introduction to Biomarkers 4.3.2 Cancer Protein Biomarkers 4.3.3 Enzyme Biomarkers 4.3.4 Nucleic Acid Biomarkers 4.3.5 Direct Identification and Quantification of Cancer Cells 4.3.6 Examples of Detection Platforms 4.4 Inorganic Nanomaterials for Theranostics 4.4.1 MRI-guided Therapy 4.4.2 CT-guided Therapy 4.4.3 PA-guided Therapy 4.4.4 Fluorescence Imaging-guided Therapy 4.4.5 Multimodal Imaging-guided Therapy 4.5 Conclusion and Perspectives References Chapter 5 Inorganic Biomaterials to Support the Formation and Repair of Bone Tissue 5.1 Orthopaedic Medical Devices 5.2 Bone Structure and Remodeling 5.3 Factors Influencing the Success of Orthopaedic Implants 5.3.1 Implant Fixation at the Biological Interface 5.3.2 Controlling the Biological Interaction at the Implant Interface 5.3.3 Problems Associated with Orthopaedic Implants 5.4 Biomaterials for Orthopaedic Implants 5.4.1 Introduction 5.4.2 Metals 5.4.3 Polymers 5.4.4 Alumina and Zirconia 5.4.5 Calcium Phosphates 5.4.6 Bioactive Glasses 5.5 Infection Control Strategies 5.5.1 Introduction 5.5.2 Antimicrobial Release 5.5.3 Strategies to Limit Bacterial Adhesion 5.5.4 Contact Active Surfaces 5.6 Summary and Future Perspectives References Chapter 6 Inorganic Nanomaterials in Vaccines 6.1 Role of Inorganic Nanomaterials in Vaccine Development 6.1.1 Adjuvants 6.1.2 Inorganic Nanoadjuvants 6.2 Influence of Physicochemical Properties of Inorganic Materials on their Adjuvant Activity 6.2.1 Physical Properties 6.2.2 Chemical Composition 6.2.3 Summary 6.3 In Vivo Delivery of Vaccines 6.3.1 Depot Effect 6.3.2 Delivery of Vaccines to dLNs 6.4 Enhanced Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses 6.4.1 2D Clay Adjuvants 6.4.2 3D Inorganic Adjuvants 6.5 Examples of Inorganic Adjuvants in Cancer Immunotherapy 6.5.1 LDH-based Cancer Therapeutic Vaccines 6.5.2 MSNand MSR-based Cancer Therapeutic Vaccines 6.5.3 CaC and CaP Adjuvants 6.5.4 Metal and Metal-oxide Particles 6.5.5 Graphene Oxide 6.6 Safety of Inorganic Adjuvants 6.6.1 LDHs 6.6.2 CaC, CaP, and MSN 6.6.3 Other Inorganic Adjuvants 6.7 Summary and Future Directions 6.7.1 Systematic Evaluation of Biosafety 6.7.2 Development of Synergistic Adjuvants 6.7.3 Establishment of Adjuvant Standards References Subject Index