Optimal Planning and Operation of Distributed Energy Resources (Energy Systems in Electrical Engineering)

Description

The book deals with integrated distributed energy resources in existing power systems optimally to mitigate power quality issues in power systems. The book is designed for research using modern optimization techniques and a thorough analysis of renewable energy. The book provides an in-depth study of recent trends of research scope around the globe and also includes modern heuristic approaches, hands-on data, and case studies of all important dimensions of distributed energy resources. It addresses key issues such as the integration of DERs and electric vehicles, optimization algorithms, management of DERs with electric vehicles, energy pool management mechanisms, protection, and reliability in the restructured power system. This book will be useful for students, research scholars, practitioners, and academicians.  Preface Contents About the Editors 1 Fundamentals of Power System 1.1 General 1.2 Indian Power Sector 1.3 Distributed Generation (DG) 1.4 Impacts of DG 1.5 Outlines of the Book References 2 The Energy Mix: An Emerging Trend in Distribution System 2.1 Introduction 2.2 DG Technologies 2.2.1 Microturbines 2.2.2 Solar 2.2.3 Wind Power 2.2.4 Hydroelectricity 2.2.5 Fuel Cells 2.2.6 Diesel Generators 2.2.7 Biomass 2.2.8 Geothermal Energy 2.2.9 Tidal Energy 2.2.10 Internal Combustion Engines 2.2.11 Combustion Turbines 2.2.12 Wave Energy Technology 2.2.13 Storage Systems 2.3 Challenges and Benefits 2.4 Conclusion References 3 Design of Efficient Distributed Energy Resources (DER) Controller and Protection System 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Design of Efficient Controller for Distributed Energy Resources-Based Microgrids 3.2.1 Design of Decentralized Controller 3.2.2 Design of Centralized Controller 3.2.3 Design of Two-Level Hierarchical Controller 3.2.4 Performance Assessment of DER Controllers 3.3 Protection Systems for Distributed Energy Resources-Based Microgrids 3.4 Conclusion References 4 Economic Dispatch for Unbalanced Active Distribution Systems Management 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Economic Dispatch Optimisation Model for ADSMs 4.2.1 Optimisation and Control Strategy 4.2.2 Objective Function 4.2.3 OLTC Control Algorithm 4.2.4 System Modelling 4.3 MATLAB® -DIgSILENT® Simulation Platform Implementation 4.3.1 First-Level Optimisation Algorithm 4.3.2 Second-Level Optimisation Algorithm 4.4 Application Examples 4.4.1 Test System 4.4.2 Simulation Results 4.5 Conclusion References 5 Optimal Siting and Sizing of Renewable Energy Sources in Distribution System 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Load Modelling 5.2.1 Consumer Load 5.2.2 Charging Load of Electric Vehicle 5.3 Problem Formulation 5.4 Proposed Algorithm for Optimal Siting and Sizing of RES 5.5 Case Study and Results 5.6 Conclusion References 6 Scheduling of Electric Vehicle’s Charging–Discharging: An Overview 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Charging–Discharging Strategies 6.2.1 Controlled and Uncontrolled CD Methods 6.2.2 Centralized Versus Decentralized CD Method 6.3 Scheduling Approaches and Applications Sites 6.3.1 Charging Stations 6.3.2 Parking Lots and Residential Parkings 6.3.3 ToU Pricing 6.3.4 Vehicle-To-Everything (V2X) 6.3.5 Scheduling Approaches 6.4 Optimization for EVs 6.4.1 Components of OP 6.4.2 Optimization Objectives 6.4.3 Optimization Algorithms 6.4.4 Steps in Optimization Problems 6.5 Literature Summary and Discussions 6.5.1 Formulation of Objective Function 6.5.2 EV Charging and Discharging 6.5.3 Discussions 6.6 Conclusion and Future Directions References 7 Impact of Accurate Forecasting on Optimal Operation of Power System 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Wind and Solar Power Forecasting in Power Systems 7.2.1 Types of Forecasting 7.2.2 Classification of Forecasting Models 7.3 SCUC with Wind–Solar Generation and Energy Storage 7.3.1 Mathematical Formations 7.3.2 Real-Time SCUC Formulation 7.4 Case Study 7.4.1 Input Data and Test System 7.4.2 Wind, Solar Power and Demand Forecast Results 7.4.3 Case Study 7.4.4 Impact of Forecasting Errors on Balancing Cost 7.5 Conclusion Appendix A: Notations References 8 Optimal Design and Analysis of Standalone Hybrid Renewable Energy Sources 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Power Conversion Stage A: Boost Converter 8.1.2 Power Conversion Stage B: Buck Converter 8.1.3 Power Conversion Stage C: Full-Bridge Converter 8.2 Operation of the Integrated Configuration 8.3 Control Strategy Used for the Given Hybrid Standalone Configuration 8.4 Simulation Results 8.5 Experimental Results 8.6 Conclusion References 9 Machine Learning Applications in Smart Grid 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Background 9.2.1 Supervised Learning 9.2.2 Unsupervised Learning 9.2.3 Popular Machine Learning Algorithms 9.2.4 Main Issues and Challenges in Smart Grid 9.2.5 Challenge to Select Appropriate Machine Learning Algorithm for Smart Grid 9.3 Machine Learning Applications in Smart Grid 9.4 Solutions and Recommendations 9.4.1 Machine Learning Approach to Power System Security Assessment 9.4.2 Machine Learning Approach to Calculate Available Transfer Capability of Tie Line 9.4.3 Machine Learning Approach for Electricity Price/Load Forecast 9.5 Future Directions 9.6 Conclusion References 10 Energy Pool Management Mechanisms 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 Benefits of DER 10.1.2 Challenges 10.2 Optimal Sizing 10.3 Energy Management of DER 10.4 A Case Study: DRM-Based Power Supply for Telecom Tower Base Station 10.4.1 Need for DER for Base Station Power Supply 10.4.2 System Modeling 10.4.3 Battery Charging and Discharging Strategy 10.4.4 Optimal Sizing Problem Formulation 10.4.5 Problem Formulation 10.4.6 Optimization Process 10.4.7 Energy Management in Base Station Power Supply 10.4.8 VES-Based Energy Management Strategy 10.4.9 VES Algorithm 10.4.10 Performance Analysis of Energy Management Algorithm 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Reliability Analysis of Distribution System with Integration of Distributed Generation Resources 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Distribution System 11.2.1 Objectives of Distribution Systems 11.2.2 Classification of Distribution System 11.2.3 Radial Distribution System 11.2.4 Ring Main System 11.2.5 Interconnected System 11.3 Distributed Generation 11.3.1 Impacts of DG 11.4 Mathematical Modelling 11.4.1 Distribution System State 11.4.2 Reliability Indices of Load Point 11.4.3 Reliability Indices for the System 11.4.4 Cost Worth Reliability Indices 11.5 Problem Formulation 11.6 Solution Strategy 11.7 Network Topology 11.8 Computational Results 11.9 Conclusion References