Electromagnetic Radiation, Scattering, and Diffraction (IEEE Press Series on Electromagnetic Wave Theory)

Description

Electromagnetic Radiation, Scattering, and Diffraction Discover a graduate-level text for students specializing in electromagnetic wave radiation, scattering, and diffraction for engineering applications In Electromagnetic Radiation, Scattering and Diffraction, distinguished authors Drs. Prabhakar H. Pathak and Robert J. Burkholder deliver a thorough exploration of the behavior of electromagnetic fields in radiation, scattering, and guided wave environments. The book tackles its subject from first principles and includes coverage of low and high frequencies. It stresses physical interpretations of the electromagnetic wave phenomena along with their underlying mathematics. The authors emphasize fundamental principles and provide numerous examples to illustrate the concepts contained within. Students with a limited undergraduate electromagnetic background will rapidly and systematically advance their understanding of electromagnetic wave theory until they can complete useful and important graduate-level work on electromagnetic wave problems. Electromagnetic Radiation, Scattering and Diffraction also serves as a practical companion for students trying to simulate problems with commercial EM software and trying to better interpret their results. Readers will also benefit from the breadth and depth of topics, such as: Basic equations governing all electromagnetic (EM) phenomena at macroscopic scales are presented systematically. Stationary and relativistic moving boundary conditions are developed. Waves in planar multilayered isotropic and anisotropic media are analyzed. EM theorems are introduced and applied to a variety of useful antenna problems. Modal techniques are presented for analyzing guided wave and periodic structures. Potential theory and Green's function methods are developed to treat interior and exterior EM problems. Asymptotic High Frequency methods are developed for evaluating radiation Integrals to extract ray fields. Edge and surface diffracted ray fields, as well as surface, leaky and lateral wave fields are obtained. A collective ray analysis for finite conformal antenna phased arrays is developed. EM beams are introduced and provide useful basis functions. Integral equations and their numerical solutions via the method of moments are developed. The fast multipole method is presented. Low frequency breakdown is studied. Characteristic modes are discussed. Perfect for graduate students studying electromagnetic theory, Electromagnetic Radiation, Scattering, and Diffraction is an invaluable resource for professional electromagnetic engineers and researchers working in this area. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments 1 Maxwell's Equations, Constitutive Relations, Wave Equation, and Polarization 1.1 Introductory Comments 1.2 Maxwell's Equations 1.3 Constitutive Relations 1.4 Frequency Domain Fields 1.5 Kramers-Kronig Relationship 1.6 Vector and Scalar Wave Equations 1.6.1 Vector Wave Equations for EM Fields 1.6.2 Scalar Wave Equations for EM Fields 1.7 Separable Solutions of the Source-Free Wave Equation in Rectangular Coordinates and for Isotropic Homogeneous Media. Plane Waves 1.8 Polarization of Plane Waves, Poincar•e Sphere, and Stokes Parameters 1.8.1 Polarization States 1.8.2 General Elliptical Polarization 1.8.3 Decomposition of a Polarization State into Circularly Polarized Components 1.8.4 Poincare Sphere for Describing Polarization States 1.9 Phase and Group Velocity 1.10 Separable Solutions of the Source-Free Wave Equation in Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates and for Isotropic Homogeneous Media 1.10.1 Source-Free Cylindrical Wave Solutions 1.10.2 Source-Free Spherical Wave Solutions References 2 EM Boundary and Radiation Conditions 2.1 EM Field Behavior Across a Boundary Surface 2.2 Radiation Boundary Condition 2.3 Boundary Conditions at a Moving Interface 2.3.1 Nonrelativistic Moving Boundary Conditions 2.3.2 Derivation of the Nonrelativistic Field Transformations 2.3.3 EM Field Transformations Based on the Special Theory of Relativity 2.4 Constitutive Relations for a Moving Medium References 3 Plane Wave Propagation in Planar Layered Media 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Plane Wave Reection from a Planar Boundary Between Two Di erent Media 3.2.1 Perpendicular Polarization Case 3.2.2 Parallel Polarization Case 3.2.3 Brewster Angle θb 3.2.4 Critical Angle θc 3.2.5 Plane Wave Incident on a Lossy Half Space 3.2.6 Doppler Shift for Wave Reection from a Moving Mirror 3.3 Reection and Transmission of a Plane Wave Incident on a Planar Stratified Isotropic Medium Using a Transmission Matrix Approach 3.4 Plane Waves in Anisotropic Homogeneous Media 3.5 State Space Formulation for Waves in Planar Anisotropic Layered Media 3.5.1 Development of State Space Based Field Equations 3.5.2 Reection and Transmission of Plane Waves at the Interface Between Two Anisotropic Half Spaces 3.5.3 Transmission Type Matrix Analysis of Plane Waves in Multilayered Anisotropic Media References 4 Plane Wave Spectral Representation for EM Fields 4.1 Introduction 4.2 PWS Development References 5 Electromagnetic Potentials and Fields of Sources in Unbounded Regions 5.1 Introduction to Vector and Scalar Potentials 5.2 Construction of the Solution for Ā 5.3 Calculation of Fields from Potentials 5.4 Time Dependent Potentials for Sources and Fields in Unbounded Regions 5.5 Potentials and Fields of a Moving Point Charge 5.6 Cerenkov Radiation 5.7 Direct Calculation of Fields of Sources in Unbounded Regions Using a Dyadic Green's Function 5.7.1 Fields of Sources in Unbounded, Isotropic, Homogeneous Media in Terms of a Closed Form Representation of Green's Dyadic, G0 5.7.2 On the Singular Nature of G0(rr) for Observation Points Within the Source Region 5.7.3 Representation of the Green's Dyadic G0 in Terms of an Integral in the Wavenumber (k) Space 5.7.4 Electromagnetic Radiation by a Source in a General Bianisotropic Medium Using a Green's Dyadic Ga in k-Space References 6 Electromagnetic Field Theorems and Related Topics 6.1 Conservation of Charge 6.2 Conservation of Power 6.3 Conservation of Momentum 6.4 Radiation Pressure 6.5 Duality Theorem 6.6 Reciprocity Theorems and Conservation of Reactions 6.6.1 The Lorentz Reciprocity Theorem 6.6.2 Reciprocity Theorem for Bianisotropic Media 6.7 Uniqueness Theorem 6.8 Image Theorems 6.9 Equivalence Theorems 6.9.1 Volume Equivalence Theorem for EM Scattering 6.9.2 A Surface Equivalence Theorem for EM Scattering 6.9.3 A Surface Equivalence Theorem for Antennas 6.10 Antenna Impedance 6.11 Antenna Equivalent Circuit 6.12 The Receiving Antenna Problem 6.13 Expressions for Antenna Mutual Coupling Based on Generalized Reciprocity Theorems 6.13.1 Circuit Form of the Reciprocity Theorem for Antenna Mutual Coupling 6.13.2 A Mixed Circuit Field Form of a Generalized Reciprocity Theorem for Antenna Mutual Coupling 6.13.3 A Mutual Admittance Expression for Slot Antennas 6.13.4 Antenna Mutual Coupling, Reaction Concept, and Antenna Measurements 6.14 Relation Between Antenna and Scattering Problems 6.14.1 Exterior Radiation by a Slot Aperture Antenna Configuration 6.14.2 Exterior Radiation by a Monopole Antenna Configuration 6.15 Radar Cross Section 6.16 Antenna Directive Gain 6.17 Field Decomposition Theorem References 7 Modal Techniques for the Analysis of Guided Waves, Resonant Cavities, and Periodic Structures 7.1 On Modal Analysis of Some Guided Wave Problems 7.2 Classification of Modal Fields in Uniform Guiding Structures 7.2.1 TEMz Guided waves 7.3 TMz Guided Waves 7.4 TEz Guided Waves 7.5 Modal Expansions in Closed Uniform Waveguides 7.5.1 TMz Modes 7.5.2 TEz Modes 7.5.3 Orthogonality of Modes in Closed Perfectly Conducting Uniform Waveguides 7.6 Eect of Losses in Closed Guided Wave Structures 7.7 Source Excited Uniform Closed Perfectly Conducting Waveguides 7.8 An Analysis of Some Closed Metallic Waveguides 7.8.1 Modes in a Parallel Plate Waveguide 7.8.2 Modes in a Rectangular Waveguide 7.8.3 Modes in a Circular Waveguide 7.8.4 Coaxial Waveguide 7.8.5 Obstacles and Discontinuities in Waveguides 7.8.6 Modal Propagation Past a Slot in a Waveguide 7.9 Closed and Open Waveguides Containing Penetrable Materials and Coatings 7.9.1 Material-Loaded Closed PEC Waveguide 7.9.2 Material Slab Waveguide 7.9.3 Grounded Material Slab Waveguide 7.9.4 The Goubau Line 7.9.5 Circular Cylindrical Optical Fiber Waveguides 7.10 Modal Analysis of Resonators 7.10.1 Rectangular Waveguide Cavity Resonator 7.10.2 Circular Waveguide Cavity Resonator 7.10.3 Dielectric Resonators 7.11 Excitation of Resonant Cavities 7.12 Modal Analysis of Periodic Arrays 7.12.1 Floquet Modal Analysis of an Infinite Planar Periodic Array of Electric Current Sources 7.12.2 Floquet Modal Analysis of an Infinite Planar Periodic Array of Current Sources Configured in a Skewed Grid 7.13 Higher-Order Floquet Modes and Associated Grating Lobe Circle Diagrams for Infinite Planar Periodic Arrays 7.13.1 Grating Lobe Circle Diagrams 7.14 On Waves Guided and Radiated by Periodic Structures 7.15 Scattering by a Planar Periodic Array 7.15.1 Analysis of the EM Plane Wave Scattering by an Infinite Periodic Slot Array in a Planar PEC Screen 7.16 Finite 1-D and 2-D Periodic Array of Sources 7.16.1 Analysis of Finite 1-D Periodic Arrays for the Case of Uniform Source Distribution and Far Zone Observation 7.16.2 Analysis of Finite 2-D Periodic Arrays for the Case of Uniform Distribution and Far Zone Observation 7.16.3 Floquet Modal Representation for Near and Far Fields of 1-D Nonuniform Finite Periodic Array Distributions 7.16.4 Floquet Modal Representation for Near and Far Fields of 2-D Nonuniform Planar Periodic Finite Array Distributions References 8 Green's Functions for the Analysis of One-Dimensional Source-Excited Wave Problems 8.1 Introduction to the Sturm-Liouville Form of Di erential Equation for 1-D Wave Problems 8.2 Formulation of the Solution to the Sturm-Liouville Problem via the 1-D Green's Function Approach 8.3 Conditions Under Which the Green's Function Is Symmetric 8.4 Construction of the Green's Function G(x|x') 8.4.1 General Procedure to Obtain G(x|x') 8.5 Alternative Simplified Construction of G(x|x') Valid for the SymmetricCase 8.6 On the Existence and Uniqueness of G(x|x') 8.7 Eigenfunction Expansion Representation for G(x|x') 8.8 Delta Function Completeness Relation and the Construction of Eigenfunctions from G(x|x') = U(x