Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics: Fundamentals of Individualized Nutrition

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Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics: Fundamentals for Individualized Nutrition is the most comprehensive foundational text on the complex topics of nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics. Edited by three leaders in the field with contributions from the most well-cited researchers conducting groundbreaking research in the field, the book covers how the genetic makeup influences the response to foods and nutrients and how nutrients affect gene expression. Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics: Fundamentals for Individualized Nutrition is broken into four parts providing a valuable overview of genetics, nutrigenetics, and nutrigenomics, and a conclusion that helps to translate research into practice. With an overview of the background, evidence, challenges, and opportunities in the field, readers will come away with a strong understanding of how this new science is the frontier of medical nutrition. Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics: Fundamentals for Individualized Nutrition is a valuable reference for students and researchers studying nutrition, genetics, medicine, and related fields. Uniquely foundational, comprehensive, and systematic approach with full evidence-based coverage of established and emerging topics in nutrigenetics and nutrigenomics Includes a valuable guide to ethics for genetic testing for nutritional advice Chapters include definitions, methods, summaries, figures, and tables to help students, researchers, and faculty grasp key concepts Companion website includes slide decks, images, questions, and other teaching and learning aids designed to facilitate communication and comprehension of the content presented in the book. Principles of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics bksec0_2 Copyright Contributors Editor Biographies Preface Supplementary data Introduction 1. The Nature of Traits, Genes and Variation Glossary Phenotypic Traits Gene, Genome, Genotype, and Phenotype Types of Traits: Discrete Traits and Continuous Traits Mendelian Transmission and Polygenic Inheritance: QTLs and Heritability Key Concepts About Gene Interaction Human Genomic Variation The Landscape of the Human Genome Interindividual Genetic Variation Functional Significance of Genetic Variation Suggested Reading 2. Molecular Biology of Genetic Variants Glossary Human Genome Structure Frequency and Relevance of Genomic Variation Types of Genomic Variation Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Deletions, Insertions, and Repeats Complex Patterns of Genomic Variability Haplotypes Hemizygosity Copy Number Variants References 3. Regulation of Gene Expression Glossary Introduction Interplay Between Chromatin Structure and Transcription Factor-DNA Interactions in the Regulation of Gene Expression Transcription of Protein-Coding Genes: General Aspects Pol II Core Promoters PIC Assembly and Transcription Initiation Subsequent Steps in Transcription Chromatin Remodeling and Remodelers Signals and Mechanisms in Transcription Regulation Control of Gene Expression by Dietary Factors Dietary Regulation of Transcription Factors Direct Control of TF Activity Direct Control of TF Abundance Indirect Control of TFs Following Changes in Metabolic Fluxes Indirect Control of TFs Following Changes in Nutrient/Energy Sensing Signaling Pathways Dietary Factors and Metabolism as Chromatin Regulators Dietary Factors as Modulators of miRNAs Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives Suggested Reading 4. The Role of Nutrition in DNA Replication, DNA Damage Prevention and DNA Repair Glossary Introduction Role of Nutrition in DNA Replication, DNA Damage Prevention, and DNA Repair Future Directions Conclusions References 5. Genotyping and Sequencing Glossary A Short Background Genetic and Genomic Data: From Genetics to Genomics Gene Expression Via Transcriptomics Metagenomics Conclusion Suggested Reading 6. RNA Analyses Introduction Extraction, Isolation, Quantification, and Purification of RNA RNA Extraction and Isolation Extraction Methods Phenol:Chloroform Method Adsorption Methods Isopycnic Gradient Method Special Methods Cell-Free mRNA Small RNA Molecules RNA Quantity and Quality Assessment Reverse Transcription and Real-Time Quantitative PCR Integrity of RNA and its Effects on Real-Time qRT-PCR Reverse Transcription Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction (dPCR) Microarrays Sequencing References 7. Methods for Global Nutrigenomics and Precision Nutrition Glossary Introduction Methods Summary Genomics Small Variations in DNA Sequence Haplotype Analysis Copy Number Variations Gene–Gene Interactions Gene–Protein Interactions Limitations of Genomic Assessment in Nutrition Transcriptomics Proteomics Metabolomics Epigenomics Bioinformatics Study Design in Nutrigenomics Conclusion Acknowledgments References 8. Epigenetic Analyses Tools for Nutrition Research Glossary Terms and Keywords Methods for Nucleotide Methylation Analysis Global Quantification of DNA Methylation Locus-Specific Quantification of Methylation Methylation-Specific Polymerase Chain Reaction Methylation-Sensitive High-Resolution Melt Analysis Pyrosequencing Mass Spectrometry Methylation Assays Methylation-Specific Multiplex Ligation-Dependent Probe Amplification Methylated DNA Affinity Enrichment Assay Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Analysis Microarray-Based Methylation Analyses Next-generation Sequencing–Based Methylation Analyses References 9. Proteomic Analyses Glossary Terms Introduction Bottom-up Proteomics Gel-based Strategies Shotgun Analysis Top-down Proteomics Targeted Proteomics Selected Reaction Monitoring SWATH Mass Spectrometry Protein Regulation: Posttranslational Modification Analysis Based on Enrichment Procedures Protein Phosphorylation Protein Acetylation Protein Glycosylation Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives References 10. Metabolomics for Biomarker Discovery and to Derive Genetic Links to Disease Glossary Introduction to Metabolomics Study Designs Targeted and Untargeted Analysis Revealing Biomarkers and Mechanistic Insights Example Study 1: Biomarkers of Placental Abruption and the Link to Genetic Polymorphisms Example Study 2: Biomarkers of Response to Weight-Loss Intervention for Adolescent Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and Genetic Links Example Study 3: Metabolomics to Inform Nutritional Intervention for Dysfunctions Gene Variants Are Not Well-Understood Future Perspectives References 11. Metagenomics Background History of Methods Used Metagenomic Approaches Targeted Methods Untargeted Methods Workflow in Metagenomic Studies Other Microorganisms Current Gut Microbiota Status Perspectives Conclusions and Remarks Supplementary data Acknowledgments References 12. A Broader View on Omics and Systems Biology Glossary Introduction The Omics Tools: Description, Application, and Integration Interindividual Variability and Omics Tools in the Development of Novel Nutritional Biomarkers Defining an Accurate Measurement of Food Intake Including Omics Tools Systems Biology in Nutrition Research Future Perspectives References 13. Study Designs in Genomic Epidemiology Glossary Introduction Familial Aggregation of Health-related Multifactorial Traits and Diseases Association Studies on Multifactorial Diseases Using the Candidate-Gene Approach Genome-Wide Association Studies Pathway-Based Association Studies Family-Based Association Studies Assessment of Gene–Environment Interactions and Mediation Effects Mendelian Randomization Studies Linkage Studies and Next-Generation Sequencing Methods in Extreme Phenotypes and Rare Diseases Recapitulation References 14. Epistemology of Nutrigenetic Knowledge Glossary Introduction Epistemology and the Initial Building Blocks of Knowledge Collecting Data Turning Data Into Knowledge Further Considerations References 15. Nutrigenetics and the Early Life Origins of Health and Disease: Effects of Protein Restriction Early Life Programming of Disease Mechanisms of Programming Protein and the Placental Transcriptome Protein and the Embryonic and Fetal Transcriptome Protein and the DNA Methylome Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives References 16. Maternal Perinatal Nutrition and Offspring Programming Glossary Introduction Mechanisms of perinatal programming Macronutrient and micronutrient exposure Current challenges and future applications References 17. Introduction to Epigenetics Glossary Introduction DNA Methylation DNA Hydroxymethylation Histone Modifications Chromatin Remodeling RNA Interference Epigenetics in Health and Disease Conclusions Supplementary data References 18. Genetics of Chrononutrition List of Abbreviations Glossary Introduction Chronodisruption and failures in the central clock Failures in the Central Clock: Mutations in Experimental Animals Genetic Variations of Clock Genes in Humans Clock Genes Associate With Obesity in Humans Clock genes interact with several behaviors for obesity in humans Clock Genes are Related to Weight Loss Genetics and Weight Loss Main Barriers to Lose Weight (Environmental Factors) Genetics Associated With Obesogenic Behaviors to Modulate Total Weight Loss Genetic Variants in Clock are Associated With Changes in Circadian Rhythmicity (CD), and These Changes may Predict a Less E ... Nutrigenetics Says that our Genome may Interact With our Behaviors Epigenomics Says that we can also Change our Genome With our Behaviors What can we do? We can Change What, how, and When we eat Summary and Conclusions Financial disclosure References 19. Screening for Inborn Errors of Metabolism Glossary Introduction Nutritional Interventions for Inborn Errors of Metabolism Conclusion References 20. Genomics of Eating Behavior and Appetite Regulation List of Abbreviations Introduction Background The Genetics of Taste The Genetics of Meal Size and Frequency The Genetics of Appetite Traits New Genomic Approaches on the Horizon: The Microbiome Relation to Food Intake and Obesity References 21. Genetics of Body Composition: From Severe Obesity to Extreme Leanness Glossary Introduction Common Gene Variants in Relation to Adiposity Traits in the Population Monogenic and Syndromic Obesity Genomic Studies Focused on Leanness Phenotypes Extreme Leanness in Congenital Generalized Lipodystrophy Syndromes Recapitulation References 22. Genetic Regulation of Energy Homeostasis: Obesity Implications Introduction Energy Homeostasis Genetic Influence on Energy Homeostasis Genes Encoding Factors Regulating Energy Intake Genes Encoding Factors Implicated in Energy Expenditure Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives Suggested Reading 23. Genetic Variations With Influence on the Individualized Response to Weight Loss Diets: FTO as Evidence Glossary Introduction Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms as a Form of Genetic Variation Response to Weight Loss Diets and Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Polymorphism rs9939609 of the FTO Gene and Diets for Weight Loss Conclusion References Suggested Reading 24. Genetic Variation in the Response to Exercise Training: Impact on Physical Fitness and Performance Introduction The Response to Exercise Training Is Heritable Individual Differences in Response to Exercise Training Evidence for a Genetic Component in Response to Exercise Training Genomic Markers of Trainability Candidate Gene Studies Genome-Wide Screening Studies Epigenetic Markers of Trainability Conclusion References 25. Genetic Variations Impacting the Response to Defined Diets Glossary Introduction Evolutionary Basis for Interactions Between Genetic Variations and Diet on Body Weight and Obesity Habitual Dietary Intakes and Genetic Predisposition to Obesity Genotype, Diet Interventions, and Weight Loss Concluding Remarks and Future Directions References 26. Carbohydrates and Nutrigenetics Glossary Terms Introduction Polymorphisms Linked to Carbohydrate Intake and Metabolism Genetic Variants Linked to Carbohydrates and Obesity Genetic Variants Linked to Sweetness Perception Genetic Variants Linked to Transporters Nutrigenomics of Carbohydrates Conclusions Acknowledgments References 27. Gene-Diet Interactions and Cardiovascular Diseases: Saturated and Monounsaturated Fat Glossary References 28. Nutrigenetics: Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acids Introduction EPA, DHA, and AA Levels and Genetic Variants Genetic Influences on the Blood n-3 PUFA Response to n-3 Supplementation Conclusions References 29. Nutrigenetics and Blood Cholesterol Levels in Response to Plant Sterols Glossary Introduction Acknowledgments Conflict of Interest References 30. Genetic Individuality and Alcohol Consumption Glossary ADH1B and ALDH2 Pre-miRNA-27a CYP2E1 PNPLA3 MTHFR C677T References 31. Vitamin A and Other Carotenoids Glossary The Metabolism of Carotenoids and Retinoids Carotenoid Conversion to Retinoids Carotenoid and Retinoid Absorption, Body Transport, and Storage Metabolism of Retinoic Acid Metabolism of Visual Chromophore Conclusion Suggested Reading 32. Vitamin D Glossary Terms and Keywords Introduction Overview of Vitamin D Metabolism Major Proteins and Genetic Variation in Vitamin D Metabolism Related to Vitamin D Status In the Skin In the Liver In the Kidney (and Some Other Cells) In Circulation In Vitamin D Target Cells References 33. Genetic Determinants of Vitamin E Status Vitamin E: Chemistry, Dietary Sources, Intake, and Recommended Dietary Allowances Role of Vitamin E in Humans Proteins and Corresponding Genes Involved in Vitamin E Status Genetic Variations Associated With Vitamin E Absorption Genetic Variations Associated With Fasting Blood Vitamin E Concentrations Future Research on Genetic Variants That Can Modulate Vitamin E Status Conflicts of Interest References 34. Vitamin K Glossary Introduction Overview of Vitamin K Metabolism Polymorphisms Affecting the Vitamin K-Epoxide Cycle and Pharmacogenetic Aspects Polymorphisms Affecting Vitamin K Catabolism Including Pharmacogenetic Aspects Control of Calcification The Significance of Nutrigenetics in the Vitamin K System References 35. Vitamins as Cofactors for Energy Homeostasis and Their Genomic Control, With Special Reference to Biotin, Thiamine, and Pan ... Introduction Biotin Genetic Disorders of Biotin-Dependent Enzymes Nutrigenomics of Biotin Deficiency Biotin and Energy Metabolism Biotin Sources and Requirements Deficiency and Supplementation Thiamine Genetic Disorders of Thiamine-Dependent Enzymes Nutrigenomics of Thiamine Deficiency Sources and Requirements Deficiency and Supplementation Pantothenic Acid Genetic Disorders of Enzymes Involved in CoA Synthesis Pantothenic Acid and Coenzyme A Synthesis and Distribution Sources and Requirements Deficiency and Supplementation Suggested Reading 36. Impact of Genetic Variation on Vitamin C Status Function of Vitamin C in Health and Disease Absorption, Metabolism, and Disposition of Vitamin C Genetic Variation Differentially Affecting Vitamin C Status SLC23A1 SLC23A2 Glutathione Transferases Haptoglobin Health Significance Conclusions References 37. Riboflavin Introduction Riboflavin Dietary Deficiency Riboflavin Uptake Riboflavin Function: Flavin Mononucleotide and Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Genetic Disorders of Riboflavin Transport and Metabolism Riboflavin Transporter Deficiency Clinical Symptoms Biochemical Abnormalities Diagnosis Pathophysiology Treatment and Prognosis Mitochondrial Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Transport Deficiency Mutations in Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide Synthase Clinical Symptoms Biochemical Abnormalities Diagnosis Treatment and Prognosis References 38. Niacin Glossary Introduction Niacin in Metabolism Regulation and Signaling Niacin and Metabolic Stress Response Signaling Poly(adenosine diphosphate-ribose) polymerases Sirtuins Niacin and the Oxidative Stress Response Niacin in Physiology Glucose Metabolism and Insulin Signaling Adipogenesis and Lipid Metabolism Niacin in Endothelial Dysfunction Niacin and Vascular Homeostasis Niacin and Ischemia Niacin and Inflammation Pleiotropic Effect of Niacin on Chronic Kidney Disease Neuroprotective Effects of Niacin References 39. Folate and Vitamins B6 and B12 Glossary Terms Overview One-Carbon Metabolism and B Vitamins Genetic Variations in Folate Enzymes Polymorphisms in Vitamin B12 Pathways Transcobalamin II Methionine Synthase and Methionine Synthase Reductase Folate Trap Enzymes of Folate Metabolism and Common Genetic Variants Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Dihydrofolate Reductase Forms of Dietary Folate Vitamin B6-Related Folate Pathway Enzymes Serine Hydroxymethyltransferase Cystathionine β-Synthase Conclusions Suggested Readings 40. The Nutrigenetics of Choline Glossary Introduction Nutrigenetics and Metabolic Variation Choline Choline Nutrigenetics Next-Generation Nutrigenetics Grant support References 41. Electrolytes Introduction Sodium Monogenic Disorders Affecting Sodium Homeostasis Sodium: The Salt Sensitivity Phenotype (Felder et al., 2013; Sanada et al., 2011) Genes Associated With the Salt Sensitivity Phenotype The Renin-Angiotensin System Mineralocorticoids and the Mineralocorticoids Receptor Cascade Potassium (Jain et al., 2013) Disorders Leading to Hypokalemia Disorders Leading to Hyperkalemia Chloride (Puljak and Kilic, 2006) Summary References 42. Iron Glossary Introduction Risk of Deficiency Risk of Iron Accumulation and Hemochromatosis Pathophysiology and Health Consequences Genetic Risk Factors Interventions References 43. Trace Elements Glossary Introduction Zinc Interaction of Genetic Variation With Zinc Nutrition Copper Genetic Variants Affecting Copper Transport Selenium Interaction of Genetic Variation With Selenium Nutrition Iodine Interaction of Genetic Variation with Iodine Nutrition References 44. Polyphenols and Nutrigenetic/Nutrigenomic Associations With Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases Introduction Genetic Polymorphisms in Obesity-Related Metabolic Diseases Links Between Nutrition and Genomics Polyphenols Studied With Respect to Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics Catechins Resveratrol Curcumin Luteolin Conclusions and Limitations Acknowledgments References 45. Caffeine Introduction Mechanism of Action Health Effects of Caffeine Determinants of the Interindividual Variability in Response to Caffeine The Nutrigenetics of Caffeine Conclusions References 46. Phytanic Acid Metabolism in Health and Disease Glossary Introduction Origin of Phytanic Acid in Humans Phytanic Acid in Human Plasma Metabolism of Phytanic Acid Inborn Errors of Phytanic Acid Metabolism Phytanic Acid and Gene Expression Physiological Effects of Phytanic Acid Phytanic Acid and Cancer Other Pathophysiological Mechanisms of Phytanic Acid, Notably on Mitochondria Conclusions Acknowledgments References 47. Nutrigenetics, Fatty Acids, and Cognition Glossary Introduction Confounders in Nutrition and Cognition Research Fatty Acids in Brain Genetics of Fatty Acid Metabolism Influence of Genetic Variants on DHA Status and Requirements FADS and Cognitive Development Maternal FADS Genotypes and Cognitive Development References Suggested Reading 48. The Nutrigenetics of Cardiovascular Disease Glossary Nutrients, Genes, and Cardiovascular Diseases: Defining the Problem Apolipoprotein E Fatty Acid Desaturase 5-Lipoxygenase Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Conclusions References 49. Hemostasis and Thrombosis Hemostasis and Coagulation Primary and Secondary Hemostasis The Secondary Hemostasis Pathways The Prominent Role of the Tissue Factor–Activated Extrinsic Pathway in the Coagulation Process and Human Pathology The Circulating Level of Factor VII Is Influenced by Diet Postprandial Increase in Factor VII Nutraceutical Effects of Diet on Hemostasis and Thrombosis Factor VII: The Impact of Extra Virgin Olive Oil and Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Postprandial Factor VII Levels Factor VII: Mechanism of Action of Monounsaturated Fatty Acids on Factor VII. The Role of Triglycerides Factor VII: High Carbohydrate Diet Affects Postprandial Factor VII Platelets: Effects of Extravirgin Olive Oil, Monounsaturated Fatty Acids, and n-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Platelets: Polyphenols and Platelet Aggregation Nutrigenetics, Nutrigenomics, and Coagulation System: The Role of Diet and Its Components Polymorphisms of Factor VII Gene Polymorphisms of Genes Involved in Homocysteine-Methionine Metabolism: Example of Gene–Environment Interaction Transcriptomic Effects of Adhesion to Mediterranean Diet Summary References 50. Diet–Gene Interactions: Perspectives in Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes Glossary Progressive Phenotype Leading to Type 2 Diabetes Genes Versus Environment as Causal Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes Gene–Nutrient Interactions Versus Metabotypes Relating to Type 2 Diabetes Nutrigenomic Insights Relating to Diet-Induced Molecular Processes in Adipose Tissue Dysfunction That Promote Type 2 Diabetes Adipose Tissue Conclusions References 51. Nutrigenetics of Bone Health Sentence Introduction Vitamin D and Calcium Interaction Between Calcium and the Vitamin D Receptor Genotype Interaction Between Vitamin D and the Vitamin D Receptor Genotype Interaction Between Soy and the Vitamin D Receptor Genotype Interaction Between Caffeine and the Vitamin D Receptor Genotype Interaction Between the Vitamin B Complex and the Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase Genotype Interaction Between Vitamin K and the ApoE Genotype Interaction Between Fat Intake-Genotype Visfatin Conclusion References 52. Nutrients and Genes in the Liver: The Central Role of Liver X Receptor in Lipogenesis Glossary Terms and Keywords Nutrigenomics in the Liver: The Central Role of Liver X Receptor in Lipogenesis The Nuclear Receptor LXR: Definition and Mechanism of Action LXR and Hepatic Lipogenesis: The Role of SREBP1c LXR and Hepatic Glucose Signaling: The Role of ChREBP Concluding Remarks and Nutrigenetic Implication of LXR References 53. Hyperuricemia and Gout Introduction Endogenous Purine Metabolism Renal Urate Excretion Intestinal Urate Excretion Clinical Significance Hyperuricemia Gout Other Diseases/Disorders Benefits of Treating Asymptomatic Hyperuricemia Genetics and Environmental Factors Affecting Hyperuricemia and Gout Major Urate Transporters Conclusion References 54. Aging: Mechanisms, Signaling and Dietary Intervention Introduction to Calorie Restriction Dietary Protein Is a Critical Regulator of the Effects of CR Specific Dietary Amino Acids Mediate the Impact of Protein Restriction Amino Acid Sensing Links Specific Amino Acids to Metabolism The Mechanistic Target of Rapamycin Is Regulated by Dietary Protein The Regulation of Aging by AMPK The Nutrigenetics of Calorie Restriction Conclusions References 55. Epigenetics in Food Allergies: The Missing Piece of the Puzzle Background Food Allergy and Food Intolerance GxE Interactions and the Development of Food Allergies Epigenetics—Mediators of the GxE Interaction Epigenetics in Allergic Diseases and Food Allergies Early Life, Allergies and Epigenetics Concluding Remarks and Future Directions References 56. Gut Microbiota and Their Influence on Response to Food Glossary Introduction Design and Interpretation of Microbiota Studies Dietary Effects on the Composition of the Gut Microbiota Diurnal Cycling of the Microbiome The Inflammasome Microbiome-Based Personalized Nutrition l-Carnitine Metabolism Host Genetics and the Gut Microbiome The Relationship of Host Genetic Polymorphisms and the Gut Microbiome Helicobacter pylori and CYP2C19 Celiac Disease and Human Leukocyte Antigen DQ2 Conclusion References 57. Nutrients and Gene Expression in Development Glossary Stages of Embryonic and Fetal Development Epigenetics in Development Nutrition and Development: Demands, Sources, and Stages of Susceptibility To Be or Not to Be: Phenotype Can Be Determined by Nutrients That Modulate Methylation Nutrients and Gene Expression in the Brain: Preventing Neural Tube Defects and Promoting Brain Cognitive Function Ying and Yang: Maternal Undernutrition and Overnutrition and the Epigenetic Programming of Chronic Diseases The Role of the Father Concluding Remarks: Understanding Nutrigenomics to Improve Pregnancy Outcome Take-Home Messages Suggested Reading 58. Nutrients, Obesity and Gene Expression Glossary Obesity, Polymorphisms, and Gene Expression Adipose Tissue in Obesity Nutrient Regulation of Gene Expression in Obesity and Weight Loss Lipids Carbohydrates Proteins Vitamins Minerals Bioactive Compounds Probiotics and Gut Microbiota Composition Nutrigenomics in Precision Nutrition in Obesity Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives Suggested Reading 59. Nutrients and Gene Expression in Type 2 Diabetes Glossary Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes Macronutrients and Type 2 Diabetes Micronutrients and Type 2 Diabetes Calorie Restriction and Insulin Resistance Concluding Remarks References 60. Gene Expression in Dyslipidemias Glossary Terms Introduction Genes Expression Changes Associated With the Development of Dyslipidemia Genes Involved in Uptake of Dietary Lipids Genes Involved in Synthesis of Lipoproteins Genes Involved in Lipoprotein Metabolism Genes Involved in Tissue Clearance of Lipoproteins Role of Nutritional Genomic in Dyslipidemia Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives Suggested Reading 61. Nutrients and Gene Expression in Inflammation Glossary Terms and Keywords Inflammatory Responses: The Sequence, Initiation, and Resolution Resolution Is an Active Process: Chemical Mediators Are the Language Structural Elucidation of Resolution Phase Mediators: Resolvins Resolvins: E-Series Resolvins: D-Series Protectins Maresins Specialized Pro-resolving Mediator Receptors Specialized Pro-resolving Mediators of Resolution in Regeneration Genes and MicroRNAs in Resolution Circuits Conclusion and Summary Key Points Acknowledgments Suggested Readings 62. Nutrients and Gene Expression in Cardiovascular Disease Glossary Introduction The Basis of Cardiovascular Disease: A Brief Summary Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Gene Regulatory Activities in Inflammatory Models of Atherosclerosis Transcriptomic Evaluation of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Human Adipose Tissue and Peripheral Blood Cells Polyphenols and Gene Expression in Cardiovascular Disease Flavonols Stilbenes Phenolic Alcohol and Secoiridoids Conclusions Acknowledgments References 63. Nutrients and Gene Expression in Cancer Introduction Nutrigenomics and Nutriepigenetics Molecular Pathways Involved in Carcinogenesis Effect of Natural Products and Dietary Constituents on the Regulation of Procarcinogenic-Related Genes Conclusions and Future Perspectives References 64. Nutrients and Gene Expression Affecting Bone Metabolism Glossary Introduction Osteocytes Osteoclasts Osteoblasts Calcium and Vitamin D Other Vitamins Vitamin A Vitamin B Vitamin C Vitamin K Phytochemicals Fatty Acids Conclusions References 65. Precision Nutrition Interventions Based on Personalized Genetic Advice Glossary Precision Nutrition Nutritional Interventions Based on Genotype Precision Nutrition Interventions Relating to Specific Nutrients Precision Nutrition Interventions for Managing Obesity and Cardiometabolic Traits Conclusions References 66. Genetically Informed Nutrition Guidance Glossary Practice Frameworks for Nutrition Counseling Individually Tailored Nutrition Guidance Computer-Based Meal Planning References 67. Nutrigenomics of Food Pesticides Glossary Introduction Nonnutritive Chemicals in Foods Biomarkers of Pesticide Exposure in Humans Individuals' Responses to Pesticides Modulation by Pesticides of Gene Expression and Epigenetics Pesticides as Early Determinants of Late-Onset Diseases Nutrigenomics as a Strategy for Bioremediation References 68. Pharmaconutrigenetics: The Impact of Genetics on Nutrient–Drug Interactions Introduction Genetic Variation in Drug Biotransformation Hypertension and Salt Sensitivity Status Grapefruit–Drug Interactions and CYP3A4 Warfarin, Vitamin K, and CY2C9/VKORC1/CYP4F2 The Role of CYP1A2 and CYP2C19 in Reducing Ischemic Heart Attacks Weight Gain Management With Psychotropic Drugs Conclusion References 69. Setting Genome-Directed Guidelines and Algorithms Glossary Putting Genetic Information to Work A Case of Dichotomy: Lactase Persistence Single-Variant Association Studies Allele Counting Haplotypes Criteria for Selecting Genetic Tests References 70. Direct-to-Consumer Testing Glossary Background The Regulatory Environment Regulatory Situation in the United States Direct-to-Consumer Regulations in Europe Direct-to-Consumer Regulations in Countries Other Than Europe and North America Dialogue Within the Scientific Community Regarding Best Approach to Regulating Nutrigenetic Tests Current Perceived Advantages of Direct-to-Consumer Nutrigenetic Testing Current Concerns About Direct-to-Consumer Nutrigenetic Testing Scientific Concerns Consumer Safety and Care Regulatory Issues Privacy and Security Issues Recent and Current Trends in Direct-to-Consumer Nutrigenetic Testing Success or Otherwise of Direct-to-Consumer Marketing Model Breadth of Use of Direct-to-Consumer Marketing Model Changes Away From Direct-to-Consumer Marketing Model Range and Types of Tests Available Accessibility of Tests Looking Forward Likely Trends Where to Go From Here? Conclusion References 71. Privacy Risks and Protective Measures Glossary Introduction Data Immortalization Privacy and Marketing Pros and Cons of Data Availability Cloud Computing and Privacy Conclusions Suggested Readings 72. Ethical Considerations in Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics Glossary of Terms Integrity Risks Sensitive Data and Protection Relatives Incidental Findings Social Risks Social Aspects of Eating Individual Responsibility for Health Justice and the Risk for Discrimination Quality Risks Evidence Motivation Commercialization Mitigation Precautionary Principle Informed Consent A Wider Understanding of Personalization Education of Professionals Need for Revision of Legislation Step-by-Step Approach Suggested Reading 73. Impact of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics on Society Glossary Introduction Genetic Variation and Dietary Response Ethnic Differences and Gene Variants The Role of Nutrients in Gene Expression The Future of Genetic Nutrition: Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics and the Potential for Novel Foods Societal Issues Conclusions and Recommendations References Index A B C D E F G H I L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z