Antioxidants and Antioxidant Enzymes in Higher Plants

Description

This book provides an overview of antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes and their role in the mechanisms of signaling and cellular tolerance under stress in plant systems. Major reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging/modulating enzymes include the superoxide dismutase (SOD) that dismutates O2 into H2O2, which is followed by the coordinated action of a set of enzymes including catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and peroxiredoxins (Prx) that remove H2O2. In addition to the ROS scavenging enzymes, a number of other enzymes are found in various subcellular compartments, which are involved in maintaining such redox homeostasis either by directly scavenging particular ROS and ROS-byproducts or by replenishing antioxidants. In that respect, these enzymes can be also considered antioxidants. Such enzymes include monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDAR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione reductase (GR), alternative oxidases (AOXs), peroxidases (PODs) and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Some non-enzymatic antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid (vitamin C), carotenes (provitamin A), tocopherols (vitamin E), and glutathione (GSH), work in concert with antioxidant enzymes to sustain an intracellular steady-state level of ROS that promotes plant growth, development, cell cycles and hormone signaling, and reinforces the responses to abiotic and biotic environmental stressors. Offering a unique compilation of information on antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes, this is a valuable resource for advanced students and researchers working on plant biochemistry, physiology, biotechnology, and signaling in cell organelles, and those specializing in plant enzyme technology. Front Matter ....Pages i-xiii Plant Superoxide Dismutases: Function Under Abiotic Stress Conditions (Luis A. del Río, Francisco J. Corpas, Eduardo López-Huertas, José M. Palma)....Pages 1-26 Studies of Catalase in Plants Under Abiotic Stress (David W. M. Leung)....Pages 27-39 Ascorbate Peroxidase Functions in Higher Plants: The Control of the Balance Between Oxidative Damage and Signaling (Takanori Maruta, Takahiro Ishikawa)....Pages 41-59 Glutathione Reductase: Safeguarding Plant Cells Against Oxidative Damage (Rafael Zuccarelli, Luciano Freschi)....Pages 61-82 Function of the Various MDAR Isoforms in Higher Plants (Marina Leterrier, Olivier Cagnac)....Pages 83-94 Peroxiredoxins: Types, Characteristics and Functions in Higher Plants (José Rafael Pedrajas, José Antonio Bárcena)....Pages 95-121 Redox Protein Thioredoxins: Function Under Salinity, Drought and Extreme Temperature Conditions (Aingeru Calderón, Francisca Sevilla, Ana Jiménez)....Pages 123-162 Biosynthesis and Regulation of Ascorbic Acid in Plants (Takahiro Ishikawa, Takanori Maruta, Kazuya Yoshimura, Nicholas Smirnoff)....Pages 163-179 Glutathione Metabolism and Its Function in Higher Plants Adapting to Stress (Biao Gong, Shasha Sun, Yanyan Yan, Xin Jing, Qinghua Shi)....Pages 181-205 Revisiting Carotenoids and Their Role in Plant Stress Responses: From Biosynthesis to Plant Signaling Mechanisms During Stress (Virgílio Gavicho Uarrota, Deivid Luis Vieira Stefen, Lucieli Santini Leolato, Diego Medeiros Gindri, Daniele Nerling)....Pages 207-232 Abiotic Stress Response in Plants: The Relevance of Tocopherols (Ivna Štolfa Čamagajevac, Tanja Žuna Pfeiffer, Dubravka Špoljarić Maronić)....Pages 233-251 Flavonoids (Antioxidants Systems) in Higher Plants and Their Response to Stresses (Venkidasamy Baskar, Rajendran Venkatesh, Sathishkumar Ramalingam)....Pages 253-268 Class III Peroxidases: Functions, Localization and Redox Regulation of Isoenzymes (Sonja Veljović Jovanović, Biljana Kukavica, Marija Vidović, Filis Morina, Ljiljana Menckhoff)....Pages 269-300