Psychology, 5th Australian and New Zealand Edition

Description

Psychology......Page 3 Brief contents......Page 5 Contents......Page 6 Preface......Page 14 Features of this edition......Page 17 About the authors......Page 20 How to use this text......Page 22 1 Psychology: the study of mental processes and behaviour......Page 27 1.1 Psychology and positive psychology......Page 31 1.2 The boundaries and borders of psychology......Page 32 Philosophical roots of psychological questions......Page 34 From philosophical speculation to scientific investigation......Page 36 1.4 Perspectives in psychology......Page 38 The psychodynamic perspective......Page 39 The behaviourist perspective......Page 42 The humanistic perspective......Page 45 The cognitive perspective......Page 47 The evolutionary perspective......Page 51 Education and training to become a psychologist......Page 60 Major subdisciplines in psychology......Page 62 Professional associations for psychologists......Page 66 Careers in psychology......Page 67 Developing effective time management skills......Page 69 Becoming an active learner......Page 71 Effectively preparing for exams......Page 73 SUMMARY......Page 77 KEY TERMS......Page 78 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 80 REFERENCES......Page 81 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 85 2 Research methods in psychology......Page 87 2.1 Characteristics of scientific psychological research......Page 91 Quantitative research......Page 92 Theoretical framework......Page 93 Generalisability from a sample......Page 95 Objective measurement......Page 96 The logic of experimentation......Page 102 Steps in conducting an experiment......Page 104 Limitations of experimental research......Page 108 Case study methods......Page 110 Naturalistic observation......Page 112 Survey research......Page 113 2.4 Correlational research......Page 116 2.5 The internet and psychology research......Page 122 Challenges for psychology research......Page 123 2.6 Ethics in psychological research......Page 124 Deception in psychological research......Page 125 Ethics and animal research......Page 126 2.7 How to evaluate a study critically......Page 127 Replicability......Page 128 Critical thinking......Page 129 SUMMARY......Page 133 KEY TERMS......Page 134 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 137 REFERENCES......Page 139 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 143 2S Statistical principles in psychological research......Page 144 Measures of central tendency......Page 147 Variability......Page 148 The normal distribution......Page 149 2S.2 Testing the hypothesis: inferential statistics......Page 150 Statistical significance......Page 151 Common tests of statistical significance......Page 154 KEY TERMS......Page 158 REFERENCES......Page 159 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 160 3 Biological bases of mental life and behaviour......Page 161 3.1 Neurons: basic units of the nervous system......Page 164 Anatomy of a neuron......Page 165 Firing of a neuron......Page 167 Transmission of information between cells......Page 169 3.2 The endocrine system......Page 177 The somatic nervous system......Page 178 The autonomic nervous system......Page 179 3.4 The central nervous system......Page 181 The evolution of the central nervous system......Page 182 The spinal cord......Page 186 The brain......Page 187 The cerebral cortex......Page 195 Neuroplasticity — a revolutionary field......Page 200 Cognitive neuropsychology......Page 203 3.5 Brain, gene, behaviour......Page 208 Genetics......Page 209 Behavioural genetics......Page 210 SUMMARY......Page 213 KEY TERMS......Page 214 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 217 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 218 REFERENCES......Page 219 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 226 4 Sensation and perception......Page 227 4.1 Basic principles......Page 231 4.2 Sensing the environment......Page 233 Transduction......Page 234 Absolute thresholds......Page 235 Signal detection......Page 236 Difference thresholds......Page 238 Sensory adaptation......Page 240 Subliminal perception......Page 241 The nature of light......Page 242 The eye......Page 244 Neural pathways......Page 250 Perceiving in colour......Page 254 4.4 Hearing......Page 258 The nature of sound......Page 259 The ear......Page 261 Neural pathways......Page 266 Smell......Page 268 Taste......Page 272 Skin senses......Page 274 Proprioceptive senses......Page 279 4.6 Perception......Page 280 Organising sensory experience......Page 281 Interpreting sensory experience......Page 292 SUMMARY......Page 301 KEY TERMS......Page 303 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 307 REFERENCES......Page 308 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 315 5 Consciousness......Page 317 Measurement of consciousness......Page 321 Functions of consciousness......Page 322 Consciousness and attention......Page 324 The normal flow of consciousness......Page 328 Flow states and positive psychology......Page 329 The psychodynamic unconscious......Page 330 The cognitive unconscious......Page 333 5.3 Sleep and dreaming......Page 337 The nature and evolution of sleep......Page 338 Stages of sleep......Page 342 Psychological elements of sleep......Page 346 Three views of dreaming......Page 347 Meditation......Page 351 Hypnosis......Page 352 Drug-induced states of consciousness......Page 357 Disorders of consciousness......Page 365 SUMMARY......Page 367 KEY TERMS......Page 368 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 369 REFERENCES......Page 370 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 380 6 Learning......Page 381 6.1 Learning......Page 383 Pavlovs model......Page 385 Conditioned responses......Page 388 Stimulus generalisation and discrimination......Page 393 Extinction......Page 394 Factors affecting classical conditioning......Page 395 What do organisms learn in classical conditioning?......Page 398 Reinforcement......Page 401 Punishment......Page 402 Extinction......Page 405 Operant conditioning of complex behaviours......Page 407 Learning and cognition......Page 416 Social learning......Page 421 SUMMARY......Page 424 KEY TERMS......Page 426 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 428 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 429 WEBSITES......Page 430 REFERENCES......Page 431 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 437 7 Memory......Page 439 Mental representations......Page 443 Information processing: an evolving model......Page 446 7.2 Working memory......Page 451 Processing information in working memory: the central executive......Page 452 Visual and verbal storage......Page 453 The neuropsychology of working memory......Page 455 The relationship between working memory and long-term memory......Page 456 Declarative and procedural memory......Page 458 Explicit and implicit memory......Page 459 Everyday memory......Page 464 Encoding......Page 467 Mnemonic devices......Page 472 Networks of association......Page 474 Schemas......Page 477 7.5 Remembering, misremembering and forgetting......Page 480 How long is long-term memory?......Page 481 How accurate is long-term memory?......Page 482 Memory across the lifespan......Page 485 Why do people forget?......Page 486 False memories and repressed memories......Page 488 Disordered memories......Page 490 SUMMARY......Page 493 KEY TERMS......Page 495 REVIEW QUESTIONS......Page 496 WEBSITES......Page 497 REFERENCES......Page 498 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 507 8 Thought and language......Page 509 8.1 Units of thought......Page 512 Manipulating mental representations......Page 513 Concepts and categories......Page 515 Reasoning......Page 520 Problem solving......Page 524 Decision making......Page 528 Heuristics......Page 530 Bounded rationality......Page 531 Implicit cognition......Page 532 Implicit problem solving......Page 533 Connectionism......Page 536 Language and thought......Page 542 Transforming sounds and symbols into meaning......Page 547 The use of language in everyday life......Page 552 8.5 Language development......Page 555 Nature and nurture in language development......Page 556 A critical period for language development?......Page 560 What infants know about language......Page 561 From babbling to bantering......Page 563 Is language distinctly human?......Page 565 SUMMARY......Page 569 KEY TERMS......Page 570 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 572 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 573 REFERENCES......Page 574 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 582 9 Intelligence......Page 583 9.1 The nature of intelligence......Page 586 9.2 Intelligence testing......Page 587 Binets scale......Page 588 Tests of intelligence......Page 589 The extremes of intelligence......Page 595 Validity and reliability of IQ tests......Page 600 The psychometric approach......Page 605 The information-processing approach......Page 609 Current multifactor theories of intelligence......Page 611 Individual differences in IQ......Page 616 Group differences: race and intelligence......Page 621 The science and politics of intelligence......Page 623 SUMMARY......Page 625 KEY TERMS......Page 626 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 627 REFERENCES......Page 628 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 637 10 Motivation and emotion......Page 639 Psychodynamic perspective......Page 643 Behaviourist perspective......Page 646 Cognitive perspective......Page 647 Humanistic perspective......Page 652 Evolutionary perspective......Page 654 Applying the perspectives on motivation......Page 657 10.2 Eating......Page 658 Homoeostasis......Page 659 What turns hunger on?......Page 661 Obesity......Page 663 10.3 Sexual motivation......Page 667 The sexual response cycle......Page 669 Sexual orientation......Page 673 The behavioural genetics of homosexuality......Page 676 10.4 Psychosocial motives......Page 677 Achievement and other agency motives......Page 678 Theories of emotion: physiological components......Page 682 Subjective experience......Page 684 Emotional expression......Page 686 A taxonomy of emotions......Page 690 The neuropsychology of emotion......Page 695 Emotion regulation......Page 697 Perspectives on emotion......Page 699 SUMMARY......Page 709 KEY TERMS......Page 711 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 713 REFERENCES......Page 714 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 728 11 Personality......Page 730 11.1 What is personality?......Page 733 Freuds models......Page 736 Drive model......Page 739 Analytical psychology......Page 746 Object relations theories......Page 748 Assessing unconscious patterns......Page 750 Contributions and limitations of psychodynamic theories......Page 752 11.3 Cognitive–social theories......Page 753 Encoding and personal relevance......Page 755 Expectancies and competences......Page 756 Self-regulation......Page 758 Contributions and limitations of cognitive–social theories......Page 759 11.4 Trait theories......Page 761 Eysencks theory......Page 762 The five-factor model......Page 763 Six-factor HEXACO model......Page 766 Is personality consistent?......Page 768 Contributions and limitations of trait theories......Page 774 11.5 Humanistic theories......Page 776 Rogers’ person-centred approach......Page 777 Existential approaches to personality......Page 778 Contributions and limitations of humanistic theories......Page 780 Genetics and personality......Page 781 Personality and culture......Page 785 SUMMARY......Page 789 KEY TERMS......Page 790 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 794 REFERENCES......Page 795 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 806 12 Physical and cognitive development......Page 807 Nature and nurture......Page 810 The importance of early experience......Page 811 Stages or continuous change?......Page 815 Longitudinal studies......Page 816 Sequential studies......Page 817 12.3 Physical development and its psychological consequences......Page 818 Prenatal development......Page 819 Infancy......Page 822 Childhood and adolescence......Page 823 Adulthood and ageing......Page 825 Perceptual and cognitive development in infancy......Page 827 Piagets theory of cognitive development......Page 833 Information-processing approach to cognitive development......Page 844 Integrative theories of cognitive development......Page 847 The digital age and adolescent cognitive development......Page 849 Cognitive changes associated with ageing......Page 850 Ageing......Page 856 SUMMARY......Page 861 KEY TERMS......Page 862 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 864 REFERENCES......Page 865 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 878 13 Social development......Page 879 Attachment in infancy......Page 883 Bowlby's theory of attachment......Page 884 Individual differences in attachment patterns......Page 886 Implications of attachment for later development......Page 890 13.2 Socialisation......Page 895 The role of parents......Page 896 The role of culture......Page 898 Socialisation of gender......Page 899 Socialisation and learning......Page 901 Friendships......Page 902 Sibling relationships......Page 908 The evolving self-concept......Page 909 Concepts of others......Page 911 Perspective-taking and theory of mind......Page 912 Children's understanding of gender......Page 913 The role of cognition......Page 918 The role of emotion......Page 923 Making sense of moral development......Page 925 Erikson's theory of psychosocial development......Page 928 Development from adolescence to old age......Page 932 SUMMARY......Page 940 KEY TERMS......Page 941 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 943 WEBSITES......Page 944 REFERENCES......Page 945 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 961 14 Health, stress and coping......Page 963 14.1 Health psychology......Page 966 History of health psychology......Page 967 Theories of health behaviour......Page 974 Health-compromising behaviours......Page 979 14.2 Barriers to health promotion......Page 1001 Individual barriers......Page 1002 Health system barriers......Page 1003 Community, cultural and ethnic barriers......Page 1006 Stress as a psychobiological process......Page 1011 Stress as a transactional process......Page 1012 Sources of stress......Page 1013 Stress and health......Page 1019 Coping mechanisms......Page 1025 Social support......Page 1026 14.5 The future of health psychology......Page 1030 SUMMARY......Page 1034 KEY TERMS......Page 1035 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 1037 REFERENCES......Page 1038 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 1053 15 Psychological disorders......Page 1055 15.1 The cultural context of psychopathology......Page 1059 Is mental illness nothing but a cultural construction?......Page 1060 15.2 Mental health and mental disorders......Page 1063 15.3 Contemporary approaches to psychopathology......Page 1064 Psychodynamic perspective......Page 1065 Cognitive–behavioural perspective......Page 1067 Biological approach......Page 1069 Systems approach......Page 1070 Evolutionary perspective......Page 1072 15.4 Descriptive diagnosis: DSM and psychopathological syndromes......Page 1074 DSM controversies......Page 1078 Neurodevelopmental disorders......Page 1079 Schizophrenia......Page 1080 Bipolar and depressive disorders......Page 1086 Anxiety disorders......Page 1094 Obsessive–compulsive and related disorders......Page 1098 Trauma- and stressor-related disorders......Page 1099 Dissociative disorders......Page 1100 Somatic symptom and related disorders......Page 1101 Feeding and eating disorders......Page 1102 Conduct disorder......Page 1105 Substance-related disorders......Page 1106 Personality disorders......Page 1112 Are mental disorders really distinct?......Page 1116 SUMMARY......Page 1118 KEY TERMS......Page 1119 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 1122 WEBSITES......Page 1123 REFERENCES......Page 1124 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 1140 16 Treatment of psychological disorders......Page 1142 16.1 Mental health services......Page 1146 Clinical psychologists......Page 1147 Mental health and health care utilisation......Page 1148 16.2 Psychodynamic therapies......Page 1149 Therapeutic techniques......Page 1150 Varieties of psychodynamic therapy......Page 1152 16.3 Cognitive–behavioural therapies......Page 1154 Classical conditioning techniques......Page 1155 Operant conditioning techniques......Page 1161 Mindfulness......Page 1162 Cognitive therapy......Page 1163 16.4 Humanistic, group and family therapies......Page 1166 Humanistic therapies......Page 1167 Group therapies......Page 1169 Family therapies......Page 1170 16.5 Biological treatments......Page 1173 Antipsychotic medications......Page 1175 Antidepressant and mood-stabilising medications......Page 1176 Antianxiety medications......Page 1178 Electroconvulsive therapy and psychosurgery......Page 1179 Culture and treatment......Page 1182 Pharmacotherapy......Page 1185 Psychotherapy......Page 1186 SUMMARY......Page 1193 KEY TERMS......Page 1194 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 1197 WEBSITES......Page 1198 REFERENCES......Page 1199 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 1210 17 Attitudes and social cognition......Page 1211 The nature of attitudes......Page 1215 Attitudes and behaviour......Page 1219 Persuasion......Page 1221 Attitudes to the environment......Page 1225 Cognitive dissonance......Page 1227 17.2 Social cognition......Page 1232 Perceiving other people......Page 1236 Stereotypes and prejudice......Page 1239 Attribution......Page 1252 Biases in social information processing......Page 1254 Social and non-social cognition......Page 1259 17.3 The self......Page 1260 Approaches to the self......Page 1261 Self-esteem......Page 1262 Self-consistency......Page 1263 Self-presentation......Page 1264 SUMMARY......Page 1268 KEY TERMS......Page 1269 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 1271 REFERENCES......Page 1272 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 1287 18 Interpersonal processes......Page 1288 18.1 Relationships......Page 1291 Factors leading to interpersonal attraction......Page 1292 Love......Page 1297 The dark side of relationships......Page 1305 Theories of altruism......Page 1307 Bystander intervention......Page 1310 Violence and culture......Page 1313 The roots of violence......Page 1314 18.4 Social influence......Page 1324 Obedience......Page 1325 Conformity......Page 1328 Group processes......Page 1331 Everyday social influence......Page 1339 Social media......Page 1340 SUMMARY......Page 1343 KEY TERMS......Page 1344 APPLICATION QUESTIONS......Page 1346 REFERENCES......Page 1347 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 1360 19 Cross-cultural and indigenous psychology......Page 1361 19.1 Culture and psychology......Page 1364 Research methods in cultural and cross-cultural psychology......Page 1366 The dimensions of culture......Page 1371 Multiculturalism......Page 1376 Impact of multiculturalism......Page 1385 Australian Indigenous cultures: Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders......Page 1393 Indigenous people in Aotearoa/New Zealand......Page 1411 Maori identity......Page 1414 Education and culture......Page 1415 Indigenous cultures and the psychology discipline......Page 1419 Culturally competent psychologists......Page 1427 SUMMARY......Page 1436 KEY TERMS......Page 1437 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS......Page 1439 REFERENCES......Page 1440 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 1452 Chapter 2......Page 1454 Chapter 3......Page 1455 Chapter 4......Page 1456 Chapter 6......Page 1457 Chapter 9......Page 1458 Chapter 13......Page 1459 Chapter 18......Page 1460 Chapter 19......Page 1461 Name index......Page 1462 Subject index......Page 1518 EULA......Page 1539