The Handbook of Work Analysis: Methods, Systems, Applications and Science of Work Measurement in Organizations

Description

This new handbook, with contributions from experts around the world, is the most comprehensive treatise on work design and job analysis practice and research in over 20 years. The handbook, dedicated to Sidney Gael, is the next generation of Gael’s successful Job Analysis Handbook for Business, Industry and Government, published by Wiley in 1988. It consists of four parts: Methods, Systems, Applications and Research/Innovations. Finally, a tightly integrated, user-friendly handbook, of interest to students, practitioners and researchers in the field of Industrial Organizational Psychology and Human Resource Management. Front Cover......Page 1 The Handbook of Work Analysis......Page 6 Copyright Page......Page 8 Contents......Page 11 Series Foreword: Edwin A. Fleishman and Jeanette N.cleveland......Page 20 Acknowledgments......Page 22 Editors......Page 23 Associate Editors......Page 25 Contributors......Page 27 I. Work Aalysis Mthods: Mark A. Wilson and Erich C.Dierdorff, Section Editors......Page 39 1. Methodological Decisions in Work Analysis: A Thory of Effective Work Analysis in Organizations: Mark A. Wilson......Page 41 Work Analysis Process Decisions......Page 42 A Theory of Work Analysis in Organizations: An Open System......Page 51 Conclusions......Page 57 References......Page 58 2. Selling Work Analysis: Thomas Powell, Mark Woodhouse, and Nigel Guenole......Page 60 The Value of Job Analysis to Organizations......Page 61 Case Study......Page 63 References......Page 66 Job Incumbents......Page 67 Supervisors......Page 71 Trained Work Analysts......Page 72 Other Organizational Members......Page 73 Conclusions......Page 74 References......Page 75 What Is a Job?......Page 77 Work Analysis Interviews and Questionnaires Defined......Page 78 The Role of Work Analysis Questionnaires and Interviews in Regulatory Compliance......Page 79 Access, Acceptance, and Accuracy of Work Analysis Questionnaires and Interviews......Page 80 Conducting the Work Analysis Interview......Page 81 Work Analysis Interview Checklist......Page 86 Designing and Administering Work Analysis Questionnaires......Page 87 Work Analysis Interview Checklist......Page 97 The Competency Paradox......Page 98 Appendix: A Compendium of Battle-Tested Quantitative Requirements Scales......Page 102 References......Page 115 What Exactly Is a Secondary Source?......Page 117 Where Do Secondary Sources Fit Into the Work Analysis Process?......Page 118 Examples of Secondary Sources......Page 119 How to Use Secondary Sources......Page 123 References......Page 127 6. Analyzing Work Analysis Data: Robert J. Harvey......Page 129 Questions You Wish Had Been Addressed Earlier......Page 144 Getting the Data Ready......Page 149 Analytic Strategies and Methods......Page 157 References......Page 160 7. Evaluating Work Analysis in The 21st Century: Edward L. Levine and Juan I. Sanchez......Page 163 Validity of Work Analysis......Page 164 Suggestions for Future Investigations of the Validity of Work Analysis......Page 170 References......Page 172 8. Documenting Work Analysis Projects: A Review of Strategy and Legal Defensibility for Personnel Selection: Arthur Gutman and Eric M. Dunleavy......Page 175 A Case Study Demonstrating Work Analysis Documentationin Support of a Personnel Selection Procedure......Page 176 Documenting Various Phases of a Work Analysis Project......Page 182 Overview of EEO Laws for Which Work Analysis May Play a Role......Page 187 Legal/Professional Authorities and Work Analysis......Page 193 Recent Legal Defensibility Trends......Page 198 Concluding Thoughts......Page 201 References......Page 202 II. Work Analysis Systems: Shanan Gwaltney Gibson, Section Editor......Page 204 Important Job Analysis Contributors......Page 206 Job Analysis Career Vignettes......Page 212 References......Page 214 The Purpose of Cognitive Task Analysis......Page 219 The Generalized Cognitive Task Analysis Process......Page 220 Key CTA Knowledge Elicitation Methodologies......Page 224 Concluding Remarks......Page 231 References......Page 232 Question 1: What Is Task Analysis?......Page 235 Question 4: How Do You Conduct a Task Analysis?......Page 237 Question 5: Whither Task Analysis?......Page 245 References......Page 246 What Is Generalized Work Dimension Analysis and What Purpose Does It Serve?......Page 248 Generalized Work Dimension Analysis Instruments......Page 250 Conducting a Generalized Work Dimension Job Analysis......Page 253 Generalized Work Dimension Analysis in Action......Page 256 Unanswered Question in Generalized Work Dimension Analysis......Page 257 Additional Resources......Page 260 References......Page 261 13. The Fleishman Job Analysis Survey: Development, Validation, and Applications: Jay J. Caughron, Michael D. Mumford, and Edwin A. Fleishman......Page 264 Development......Page 265 Scales......Page 266 Applications......Page 268 Uses of the F-JAS......Page 270 Validation......Page 273 Future Directions......Page 276 References......Page 277 14. Personality-Based Job Analysis: Jeff Foster, Blaine Gaddis, and Joyce Hogan......Page 280 Job Analysis Techniques......Page 281 The Performance Improvement Characteristics Job Analysis......Page 284 Illustrative Applications......Page 289 Discussion......Page 293 References......Page 295 Steps in Functional Job Analysis......Page 298 History of Functional Job Analysis......Page 302 FJA Theory and Principles......Page 303 FJA Applications......Page 308 Other Questions and Issues......Page 309 Reference Materials......Page 311 References......Page 312 16. O*NET: The Occupational Information Network: Jonathan D. Levine and Frederick L. Oswald......Page 313 History......Page 314 The O*NET Data Collection Program......Page 318 Tools and Resources of the O*NET......Page 319 Applications of the O*NET......Page 326 Using O*NET in Work Analysis......Page 328 Implications and Directions......Page 330 Web Site Resources......Page 331 References......Page 332 17. Context Analysis: Reanna Poncheri Harman......Page 334 What Is Context?......Page 336 Context Analysis: State of Research and Practice......Page 337 Areas for Improvement......Page 339 Context Analysis: Step-by-Step......Page 340 Unanswered Questions......Page 348 References......Page 349 III. Work Analysis Applications: George M. Alliger and Gregory M. Hurtz, Section Editors......Page 352 References......Page 356 Perspectives on Job Design......Page 357 Work Design Phases: A Step-by-Step Guide......Page 360 Future Research......Page 370 Further Reading......Page 372 References......Page 373 Work Descriptions......Page 376 The Role of Work Descriptions in Employee Recruitment......Page 380 Summary and Future Directions......Page 390 References......Page 391 20. Using Job Analysis as the Foundation for Creating Equal Employment Opportunity in The Workplace: Dan A. Biddle and James E. Kuthy......Page 394 Job Analysis......Page 395 Validity Evidence as a Defense for Policies, Practices, and Tests in the Face of Adverse Impact......Page 398 Summary......Page 406 References......Page 407 21. The Role of Job Analysis in Test Selection and Development: Dennis Doverspike and Winfred Arthur, Jr.......Page 409 Job Analysis for Selection of Test Constructs and Methods......Page 410 Job Analysis for Test Item Writing Purposes......Page 418 Alternatives to Job Analysis......Page 424 Conclusion......Page 425 References......Page 426 What Are Work Simulations?......Page 428 The Role of Work Analysis in Work Simulations......Page 430 Psychometric Characteristics of Work Simulations......Page 431 How to Create Work Simulation Measures......Page 434 Future Potential Developments......Page 441 Further Reading......Page 442 References......Page 443 23. Building Effective Performance Appraisals From an Analysis of Work: Sylvia G. Roch and Kevin J. Williams......Page 446 The State of Practice: Malaise and Dissatisfaction With Appraisals......Page 447 The Role of Analysis of Work......Page 449 Organizational Analysis......Page 450 Defining Job Performance......Page 451 Work Analysis and the Specific Problems Associated With Performance Appraisal......Page 456 Legal Concerns......Page 461 References......Page 462 24. Training Needs Assessment: Aligning Learning and Capability With Performance Requirements and Organizational Objectives: Eric A. Surface......Page 464 Potential Scope of TNA Impact......Page 465 Chapter Overview......Page 466 Is a TNA Necessary?......Page 467 TNA Process: Asking and Answering Questions......Page 469 Factors/Trends Affecting TNA......Page 481 Ideas to Improve TNA Practice......Page 482 Making the Case for TNA......Page 486 Further Reading......Page 488 References......Page 489 Whole-Job Methods......Page 490 Compensable Factor Methods......Page 494 A Real-World Application of the Policy Capturing Point Factor Method......Page 498 Appendix......Page 504 References......Page 516 26. Career Planning: The Role of Work Analysis in the Work of Your Organization’s Career Development Manager: Stephen G. Atkins......Page 518 Work Adjustment Theory......Page 519 Holland Fit: Aiding Career Management via Work Analysis-Based Interests Correspondence......Page 524 More Sophisticated Indices of Fit Between Candidate or Career Explorer Profiles and Job Profiles From Work Analysis......Page 526 Job Features in Career Departures: Organizational Commitmentand the Job Characteristics Model......Page 528 Work Analysis and Myers-Briggs Typology in Career Management......Page 530 Profile Mismatch and Career-Field Exodus: Practical Example of a Small Workplace-Based Study......Page 532 Future Applications of Work Analysis to Career Management:The Promise of O*NET and Its Kin......Page 534 References......Page 536 27. Using Job Analysis Data to Perform Activity-Based Utility Analysis: Enhancement of a Technology: Brice M. Stone and Rosalinda Vasquez Maury......Page 539 TIDES—A Single Air Force Work Analysis Tool......Page 540 TIDES Components and Functions......Page 541 Methodology......Page 543 Multi-AFS Analysis Tool......Page 544 Example......Page 545 References......Page 551 28. A Comprehensive, Interactive, Web-Based Approach to Job Analysis: The SkillsNET Methodology: Darrel L. Sandall, John Henderson, Roni Reiter-Palmon, Michael L. Brown, and Scott R. Homan......Page 552 General Job Analytic Approaches......Page 553 Need for a Comprehensive Web-Based Job Analysis System......Page 554 The O*NET Content Model......Page 555 The SkillsNET Job Analysis System......Page 556 SkillObject Development......Page 563 Benefits and Concerns Associated With the SkillsNET System......Page 567 Ongoing Research......Page 571 References......Page 572 IV. Work Analysis Research and Innovation: Winston Bennett, Jr. and Suzanne Tsacoumis, Section Editors......Page 575 What Should Be Rated?......Page 578 What Sources of Information and Data Review/Verification Procedures Should Be Used?......Page 602 An Empirical Demonstration......Page 603 References......Page 612 Qualitative Review of Framework With Job Analysis Experts......Page 615 Social Sources of Inaccuracy......Page 617 Cognitive Sources of Inaccuracy......Page 619 References......Page 621 31. Understanding Mission Essential Competencies as a Job Analysis Method: George M. Alliger, Rebecca Beard, Winston Bennett, Jr., and Charles M. Colegrove......Page 624 What Are Competencies?......Page 625 Why Is Competency Modeling So Popular?......Page 626 What Are Mission Essential Competencies?......Page 627 The Mission Essential Competency Development Process......Page 632 Mission Essential Competencies as a Job Analytic Method......Page 640 References......Page 644 32. Integrating Cognitive Task Analysis and Verbal Protocol Analysis: A Typology for Describing Jobs: Thomas R. Gordon, Michael D. Coovert, and Linda R. Elliott......Page 646 Research Design......Page 650 Results......Page 652 Discussion......Page 657 Conclusions......Page 659 References......Page 660 33. Innovations in Team Task Analysis: Identifying Team-Based Task Elements, Tasks, and Jobs: Winfred Arthur, Jr., Anton J. Villado, and Winston Bennett, Jr.......Page 662 Review of the Team Task Analysis Literature......Page 664 Determining the Degree of Team Interdependence or “Teamness” of Tasks and Jobs......Page 670 Summary and Conclusions......Page 678 References......Page 679 34. Development and Evaluation of A Task Taxonomy to Support Research On Cross-Job Transferability of Skills: Charles E. Lance, Tracy Lambert Griggs, and R. Bruce Gould......Page 683 Development of the Taxonomy......Page 687 Evaluation of the Revised Task Taxonomy......Page 696 Conclusion......Page 703 References......Page 705 35. Analyzing Job and Occupational Content Using Latent Semantic Analysis: Peter W. Foltz, Robert J. Oberbreckling, and R. Darrell Laham......Page 710 Latent Semantic Analysis......Page 711 CareerMap......Page 712 Mission Communications Analysis......Page 718 Conclusions......Page 725 References......Page 727 36. The Science and Practice of Job Analysis Abroad: Rebecca Lyons, Peter Musaeus, Eduardo Salas, and Katherine A. Wilson......Page 728 Job Analysis......Page 729 Distinctions in the Theoretical Backgrounds That Inform Job Analysis......Page 750 Future Directions......Page 751 Conclusion......Page 752 References......Page 753 37. Concluding Thoughts: Challenges and Opportunities in Work Analysis: Winston Bennett, Jr., George M. Alliger, Mark A. Wilson, and Shanan Gwaltney Gibson......Page 760 Synergy Across Disciplines......Page 761 Generalizable Work Design Specifications and Indices of Job Similarity and Proximity......Page 762 Emergent Work Analysis via Automated Task and Motion Tracking......Page 763 Time for Usability Analysis in the Design of Work Analysis Tools and Reports......Page 764 Conclusion......Page 765 References......Page 766 Author Index......Page 767 Subject Index......Page 782