Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics

Description

HANDBOOK OF HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS Discover the latest developments in ergonomics and human factors with the newest edition of this market leading reference In the newly revised Fifth Edition of Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics, Drs. Gavriel Salvendy and Waldemar Karwowski deliver a comprehensive exploration of workplace environment design, human-machine interfaces, and cutting-edge research on the reduction of health and safety risks. The editors have compiled practical material from an international team of leading experts in ergonomics and human factors that will benefit specialists in the area, as well as safety engineers and human-computer interaction specialists. The Handbook includes information culled from over 7500 sources and features brand new coverage in areas like artificial intelligence, social media, information technology and cybersecurity, and data analytics. Numerous case studies demonstrate the real-world application of the concepts and methods discussed within and showcase the extraordinary developments in the field since the publication of the Fourth Edition in 2012. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to the human factors function, including the discipline of human factors and ergonomics and human systems design and integrationAn exploration of the fundamentals of human factors, including sensation and perception, selection and action control, information processing, and mental workloadDiscussions of the design of equipment, tasks, jobs, and environments, including workplace design, task analysis and design, and training systemsAn in-depth treatment of design for health, safety, and comfort, including low-back and upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders and the use of personal protective equipment Perfect for ergonomics and human factors engineers at any level of their careers, Handbook of Human Factors and Ergonomics will also earn a place in the libraries of design engineers, applied psychologists, human-computer interaction specialists, engineering and technology managers, and safety professionals and industrial hygienists. Cover Title Page Copyright Contents About the Editors Contributors Foreword Preface Part 1 Human Factors Function Chapter 1 The Discipline of Human Factors and Ergonomics 1 Introduction 2 Human–System Interactions 3 Human Factors and System Compatibility 4 Challenges of Human Factors Discipline 5 Paradigms of Ergonomics 6 Ergonomics Competency and Literacy 7 Ergonomics Design 8 Theoretical Ergonomics: Symvatology 9 Congruence Between Management and Ergonomics 10 Human‐Centered Design of Service Systems 11 Human–Systems Integration 12 Board on Human–Systems Integration of the National Research Council 13 The International Ergonomics Association 14 The Foundationl for Professional Ergonomics 15 Future Opportunities References Chapter 2 Human Systems Integration and Design 1 Introduction 2 Some History and Definitions 3 Toward a Human‐Centered System Science 4 Putting Human Systems Integration Into Practice 5 Sociotechnical Implications and Perspectives 6 Conclusion Notes References Part 2 Human Factors Fundamentals Chapter 3 Sensation and Perception 1 Introduction 2 Methods for Investigating Sensation and Perception 3 Sensory Systems and Basic Perceptual Phenomena 4 Higher‐Level Properties of Perception 5 Conclusion References Chapter 4 Selection and Control of Action 1 Introduction 2 Methods for Studying Selection of Action 3 Action Selection in Single‐Task Performance 4 Action Selection in Multiple‐Task Performance 5 Motor Control 6 Motor Learning and Acquisition of Motor Skill 7 Conclusion References Chapter 5 Information Processing 1 Introduction 2 Four Approaches to Information Processing 3 Selecting Information 4 Perception and Data Interpretation 5 Comprehension and Cognition 6 Action Selection 7 Multi‐Tasking 8 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Decision‐Making Models, Decision Support, and Problem Solving 1 Introduction 2 Decision‐Making Models 3 Group Decision Making 4 Decision Support and Problem Solving 5 Conclusion Notes References Chapter 7 Mental Workload 1 Introduction 2 What is Mental and Cognitive Workload? 3 How is Mental Workload Measured? 4 How Mental Workload can be Modeled 5 Some Current Challenges to Mental Workload and Its Assessment 6 Conclusion 7 Acknowledgments References Chapter 8 Social and Organizational Foundation of Ergonomics: Multi‐Level Systems Approaches 1 Introduction 2 Systems Perspectives in Human Factors in Ergonomics 3 Design of Work Systems 4 Macroergonomics and Sociotechnical Systems 5 Human Factors and Ergonomics in the Large Social Context 6 Social and Organizational Human Factors and Ergonomics Methods 7 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Emotional Design 1 Introduction 2 Connecting Emotion to Design 3 A Systematic Process for Emotional Design 4 Challenges and Future Directions 5 Conclusion References Chapter 10 Cross‐Cultural Design 1 Introduction 2 Theory and Methodology 3 User Interaction Paradigms and Technologies 4 Conclusion Appendix: Summary of Anthropometric Databases for Different Nations (Online Resources) References Part 3 Design of Equipment, Tasks, Jobs, and Environments Chapter 11 Three‐Dimensional (3D) Anthropometry and Its Applications in Product Design 1 Introduction 2 Historical Evolution of Anthropometry Measurements 3 Data Aquisition 4 Data Processing 5 Application in Product Design 6 Future Trends in 3D Anthropometry and Product Design 7 Conclusion References Chapter 12 Basic Biomechanics and Workplace Design 1 Definitions 2 Role of Biomechanics in Ergonomics 3 Biomechanical Concepts 4 Application of Biomechanical Principles to Reduce Stress in the Workplace 5 Biomechanical Modeling as a Means of Assessing and Controlling Risk 6 Risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders Associated with the Use of Mobile Digital Technology 7 Applications of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to Assess the Risk of Work‐Related Musculoskeletal Disorders 8 Conclusion References Chapter 13 The Changing Nature of Task Analysis 1 A Need to Know 2 Why is Task Analysis Needed? 3 Approaches to Task Analysis: From Analysis to Synthesis 4 The New Reality 5 From Structural to Functional Analysis 6 The Role of Task Analysis in the Future References Chapter 14 Workplace Design 1 Introduction 2 Problems of Working Postures 3 Designing Individual Workstations 4 The Layout of Workstations 5 Conclusion References Chapter 15 Job and Team Design 1 Introduction 2 Job Design Approaches 3 The Team Design Approach 4 Implementation Advice for Job and Team Design 5 Measurement and Evaluation of Job and Team Design References Chapter 16 Design, Delivery, Evaluation, and Transfer of Effective Training Systems 1 Introduction 2 What is Training? 3 During Training 4 After Training 5 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 17 Situation Awareness 1 Introduction 2 Situation Awareness Defined 3 Situation Awareness Model 4 Situation Awareness Challenges 5 Situation Awareness in Teams 6 Training to Support Situation Awareness 7 System Design to Support Situation Awareness 8 Conclusion References Part 4 Design for Health, Safety, and Comfort Chapter 18 Sound and Noise: Measurement and Design Guidance 1 Introduction 2 Sound and Noise 3 Measurement and Quantification of Sound and Noise Exposures 4 Industrial Noise Regulation and Abatement 5 Auditory Effects of Noise 6 Performance, Nonauditory, and Perceptual Effects of Noise 7 Signal Audibility and Speech Communications in Noise References Chapter 19 Vibration and Motion 1 Introduction 2 Measurement of Vibration and Motion 3 Whole‐Body Vibration 4 Motion Sickness 5 Hand‐Arm Vibration References Chapter 20 Human Errors and Human Reliability 1 Introduction 2 Why Humans ERR 3 Human Error Classification, Prediction, Detection, and Analysis 4 Human Error Control 5 Human Error in Emerging Areas 6 Human Reliability Analysis 7 Conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 21 Occupational Safety and Health Management 1 Introduction 2 Management Through Legislation and Regulation 3 Operationalizing OSH: Benchmarking 4 Numbers of Injuries, Illnesses, and Deaths 5 Occupational Health Management Systems 6 Systems Analysis and OSH in Health Care 7 Future Trends and Issues Appendix Crosswalk Between OSHA Guidelines and JCAHO Requirements References Chapter 22 Managing Low‐Back Disorder Risk in the Workplace 1 Introduction 2 Magnitude of Low‐Back Pain Problem at Work 3 Epidemiology of Work Risk Factors 4 Occupational Biomechanics Logic 5 Biomechanics of Risk 6 Assessment Methods and Identification of Low‐Back Disorder Risk at Work 7 Practical Industry Guidelines 8 Process of Implementing Ergonomic Change 9 Conclusion References Chapter 23 Manual Materials Handling: Evaluation and Practical Considerations 1 Introduction 2 MMH Tasks 3 MMH Task Evaluation 4 Examples of Task Improvements 5 Conclusion References Chapter 24 Warnings and Hazard Communications 1 Introduction 2 Background 3 Warnings 4 Communication‐Human Information Processing (C‐HIP) Model 5 Designing for Application 6 Future Warnings 7 Conclusion References Chapter 25 Use of Personal Protective Equipment 1 Introduction 2 Selection of Respiratory Protective Devices for Different Types of Workplaces 3 Personal Eye Protectors 4 Protective Helmets: Selection 5 Hearing Protection Devices 6 Influence of Thermal Environment and Protective Clothing on Thermal Condition of the Human Body 7 Protective Gloves in the Workplace 8 Footwear: Comfort of Use 9 Fall Protection Systems: Selection of Equipment References Part 5 Human Performance Modeling Chapter 26 Mathematical Modeling in Human–Machine System Design and Evaluation 1 Introduction 2 What is an Ideal Mathematical Model in Human Factors? 3 What Are the Key Features of Mathematical Models in Human Factors? 4 Mathematical Modeling of Single Task Performance 5 Mathematical Modeling of Multitask Performance 6 Integration of Mathematical and Symbolic Models 7 How to Build and Verify Mathematical Models in Human Factors 8 The Applications of Mathematical Modeling in System Design and Evaluation 9 Conclusion References Chapter 27 Modeling and Simulation of Human Systems 1 Introduction 2 Basics 3 Models and Simulations of Human Systems 4 Applications 5 Conclusion References Chapter 28 Human Supervisory Control of Automation 1 What is Supervisory Control? 2 Some History 3 Examples of Human Supervisory Control in Current Systems 4 Supervisory Roles and Hierarchy 5 Supervisory Levels and Stages 6 Planning and Learning: Computer Representation of Knowledge 7 Teaching the Computer 8 Monitoring of Displays and Detection of Failures 9 Intervening and Human Reliability 10 Modeling Supervisory Control 11 Policy Alternatives for Human Supervisory Control 12 Social Implications and the Future of Human Supervisory Control 13 Conclusion References Chapter 29 Digital Human Modeling in Design 1 Definitions and Foundations 2 Bibliometric Analysis 3 Modeling Fundamentals 4 Methods of Evaluation and Analysis 5 Organizational Aspects 6 Current Challenges 7 Emerging Opportunities 8 Content Analysis of DHM Literature References Chapter 30 Extended Reality (XR) Environments 1 Introduction 2 System Requirements 3 Design and Implementation Strategies 4 Health and Safety Issues 5 Extended Reality Usability Engineering 6 Applications 7 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 31 Neuroergonomics 1 Introduction 2 Tools and Methods for Neuroergonomics Research 3 Research Topics 4 Emerging Application Areas 5 Future Outlook Note References Part 6 System Evaluation Chapter 32 Accident and Incident Investigation 1 Introduction 2 Basic Principles of Accident Investigation 3 Epidemiological Approaches 4 Systems Safety Techniques 5 Human Factors‐Based Techniques 6 Conclusion References Chapter 33 Human Factors and Ergonomics Audits 1 Purpose 2 Inspecting, Checking, and Auditing 3 Inspection and Human Factors/Ergonomics 4 Checking and Checklists 5 Auditing with Specific Application to Human Factors 6 Conclusion References Chapter 34 Cost/Benefit Analysis for Human Systems Investments 1 Introduction 2 Cost/Benefit Frameworks 3 Cost/Benefit Methodology 4 Three Examples 5 Conclusion Note References Part 7 Human–Computer Interaction Chapter 35 Data Visualization 1 Introduction 2 Visualization Objectives 3 Principles of Data Visualization 4 Common, Effective Data Visualization Techniques 5 Interaction 6 Tools and Applications of Data Visualization 7 Future Directions 8 Conclusion Note References Chapter 36 Representation Design 1 Introduction 2 User Interface (UI) Design 3 Cognitive Systems Engineering (CSE) and Work Domain Analysis 4 From Work Analysis to Visual Representation 5 User Experience (UX) Design Process 6 Conclusion References Chapter 37 Collecting and Analyzing User Insights 1 Introduction 2 Analyze and Document User Requirements 3 Collect User Requirements 4 Conclusion References Chapter 38 Usability and User Experience: Design and Evaluation 1 Introduction 2 Fundamentals of Design for Usability and UX 3 Evaluating Usability and UX 4 Wrapping Up References Chapter 39 Website Design and Evaluation 1 Introduction 2 Website Content 3 User Interface Design: Presentation and Access to Information 4 Evaluating Web Usability 5 Conclusion References Chapter 40 Mobile Systems Design and Evaluation 1 Introduction 2 Mobile Systems Basics 3 Mobile Systems Design 4 Mobile Devices and Mobile Systems Evaluation 5 Mobile Systems Applications 6 Emerging Frontiers in Mobile Systems Design and Evaluation References Chapter 41 Human Factors in Ambient Intelligence Environments 1 Introduction 2 Human‐Centered Design Process in Ami Environments 3 User Experience in Ambient Intelligence Environments 4 Case Studies 5 Emerging Challenges 6 Conclusion Acknowledgements Notes References Chapter 42 Human‐Centered Design of Artificial Intelligence 1 Introduction 2 Artificial Intelligence and Human–Computer Interaction 3 Human‐Centered Artificial Intelligence 4 Concepts and Tools for Human‐Centered Artificial Intelligence 5 Human‐Centered Design for Artificial Intelligence: a Framework 6 Ethical Aspects of Artificial Intelligence 7 Conclusion Notes References Chapter 43 Cybersecurity, Privacy, and Trust 1 Introduction 2 Trust 3 Privacy 4 Authentications 5 Social Engineering 6 Smart Network and Devices 7 Ransomware 8 Malware 9 Social Networking 10 Mobile Computing 11 Solutions and Remedies to “Human” Issues in Cybersecurity 12 Conclusion References Chapter 44 Human–Robot Interaction 1 Introduction 2 Human–Robot Interaction Applications and Techniques 3 Human–Robot Communications 4 Human Factors Issues 5 Conclusion References Chapter 45 Human Factors in Social Media 1 Introduction to Social Media 2 Features of Social Media 3 Why People Accept or Use Social Media 4 User Experiences in Social Media 5 User Behaviors and Patterns in Social Media 6 Long‐Term Impacts of Social Media Usage 7 Application and Future Trends References Part 8 Design for Individual Differences Chapter 46 Design for All in Digital Technologies 1 Introduction 2 History and Concept of Design for All 3 Approaches, Methods, and Techniques for Design for All 4 Tools for the Design of User Interface Adaptations 5 Prototype Applications and Case Studies 6 Adoption of Proactive Approaches 7 Accessibility and Design for All in Intelligent Environments 8 Conclusion Acknowledgments Notes References Chapter 47 Design for People Experiencing Functional Limitations 1 Introduction 2 Disability is a Consequence, Not a Condition 3 Universal/Inclusive Design Process 4 Demographics 5 Research in Ergonomics and People with Functional Limitations 6 Laws, Regulations, and Standards 7 Overview by Major Disability Groups 8 User Needs‐ and Abilities‐Based Approach 9 Design Guidelines 10 Problems and Potential of Next‐Next Generation Technologies 11 Conclusion 12 Resources: Organizations Acknowledgments References Chapter 48 Design for Aging 1 Introduction 2 Understanding Age‐Related Changes 3 Addressing Age‐Related Changes in Interface Design 4 Applications of Products and Service Design for Older Adults 5 Conclusion References Chapter 49 Design of Digital Technologies for Children 1 Introduction 2 Involving Children in Designing Digital Technologies 3 Interactive Digital Technologies for Children 4 Evaluating Digital Technologies for Children 5 Conclusion References Part 9 Selected Applications Chapter 50 Human Factors and Ergonomics Standards 1 Introduction 2 ISO Standards for Ergonomics 3 European (CEN) Standards for Ergonomics 4 ILO Guidelines for Occupational Safety and Health Management Systems 5 U.S. Standards for Human Factors and Ergonomics 6 ISO 9000‐2005: Quality Management Standards 7 Recent Trends in Standardization 8 Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 51 Data Analytics in Human Factors 1 Introduction 2 New Ways to Analyze Old Data 3 Scaling Human Factors (HF) Methods to Massive Systems 4 Multiple Ergonomics Realities 5 Future Possibilities: Augmenting East with Live Data 6 Conclusion References Chapter 52 Human Factors and Ergonomics in Design of A3: Automation, Autonomy, and Artificial Intelligence 1 Introduction 2 Understanding Human Interaction with A3 3 Design of Human‐Centered A3 Systems 4 Toward, and Beyond, a Primum Non Nocere of A3 5 Engineering A3 Everyone Loves Acknowledgments References Chapter 53 Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care 1 Introduction 2 Description of the Health Care Industry 3 Patient Safety 4 Hfe Systems Approaches Applied to Health Care 5 Hfe Design of Medical Devices and Health Information Technologies 6 Hfe Principles for Work System Design and Implementation 7 Quality of Working Life and Occupational Health and Safety of the Health Care Workforce 8 Conclusion References Chapter 54 Human Factors and Ergonomics in Digital Manufacturing 1 Introduction 2 Design of Manufacturing Systems 3 Digital Manufacturing 4 Prevention in the Digital Transformation 5 Concepts and Strategies of Human‐Centered Work Design 6 Conclusion References Chapter 55 Human Factors and Ergonomics in Aviation 1 Introduction 2 A Short History of Aviation Human Factors Problems 3 Flight Deck Human Factors Principles 4 Air Traffic Control Human Factors 5 Aviation Certification, Maintenance, and Safety Management 6 Emerging Issues in Aviation 7 Conclusion References Chapter 56 Human Side of Space Exploration and Habitation 1 Spaceflight Unique Factors 2 Environmental Factors 3 Physiological Adaptation and Psychosocial Effects 4 Functional Integration and Habitability 5 Pilot–Vehicle Integration 6 Countermeasure Systems and Technologies 7 Astronauts and Spaceflight Participants 8 Conclusion References Chapter 57 Human Factors and Ergonomics for Sustainability 1 Definition of Sustainability 2 HFE and Global Challenges of Sustainability 3 HFE and Sustainable Product Design 4 HFE in Supply Chains and Global Value Creation 5 Conclusion References Index Eula