Futures of Anti-Racism: Paradoxes of Deracialization in Brazil, South Africa, Sweden, and the UK

Description

​This book assesses the nature and extent of the project of deracialisation required to counter the contemporary dynamics of racialisation across four varieties of modernity: Sweden, South Africa, Brazil and the UK, based on original research on each of the four country contexts. Since racism began to be recognised or identified as a problem, an assemblage of supra-national initiatives have been devised in the name of combatting, dismantling or reducing it. There has been a recent shift whereby such supra-national bodies move toward embedding strategies against racism within the framework of human rights and devolving such responsibility to other bodies at a national level. The authors bring together a team of international experts in this field, in order to compare the priorities and effectiveness of current strategic approaches in each national context, examining their relationalities and connecting these cases within a joint theoretical and methodological framework. Thus, this book contributes to theoretical knowledge on racialisation and deracialisation, produce a new data set on contemporary interventions and institutions and establish new principles and practice for national projects of deracialisation and anti-racism, building on cross-national learning. Acknowledgments Contents List of Contributors List of Tables 1: Introduction South Africa: Deracialization and Decolonization Brazil: Competing ‘Mixing’ and Affirmation The UK: Aggressive Racial Majoritarianism Sweden: Paradoxes of Racialization 2: South Africa and the Struggle for Racial Equality: Debating Deracialization, Non-racialism, Decolonization, and Africanization Introduction Non-racialism: From 1930s’ Cape Town to Twenty-First-Century South Africa Anti-racism: Constitution and Legislation Do Not Work Decolonization and Its Possibilities The Promise of Social Justice Transformation: Decolonization, Non-racialism, and Africanization for a Deracialized South Africa? Structure-Environment and Institutions Law Economy Society Knowledge and Minds Cross-racial Solidarities to Support Deracialization Conclusion 3: The Dynamics of Racialization and Anti-racism in Contemporary Brazil Introduction Brazil: A Racial State Mulatto Woman and Mulatto Man as a National Symbol Brazilian Foreign Policy Racism in Brazil: ‘Racismo Cordial’ and Ostensive Racism Racism and Whiteness SEPPIR: Anti-racism and the Promotion of Racial Equality The Background of the Special Secretariat of Policies for the Promotion of Racial Equality (SEPPIR) The SEPPIR SEPPIR During the Golden Period: The Construction of Racial Equality Policies Laws 10,639/2003 and 11,645/2008: Afro-Brazilian and Indigenous History and Culture Affirmative Actions in Higher Education Law 12,990/2014: Quotas in Public Service Decree 4887/2003: Demarcation and Titling of Quilombola (Maroon) Lands National Plan for Integral Health of the Black Population (PNSIPN) Racial Equality Statute and the National Policy System for the Promotion of Racial Equality SEPPIR in the Decadent Period: The Dismantling of Racial Equality Policies SEPPIR’s Announced Death and New Racialization Processes Contemporary Forms of Racialization The Rising of a Conservative Far-Right Agenda: The Bolsonaro Government The Ambiguity Between Anti-racialism and Racist Racialism The Genocide of the Black Population The Future of Anti-racism: Racialization or Deracialization? Untitled Untitled 4: The Retreat from Deracialization in the UK Introduction The Dynamics of Racialization, Post-imperial Loss, the Rejection of Anti-racism, and the Making of Contemporary Racism in the UK Perspectives on the Transition from Race Relations Legislation to Equality Legislation Contemporary Forms of Racialization Approaches to Challenging Racialization in the UK Cabinet Office Race Disparity Unit Devolution, Race Equality Strategy, and the Northern Ireland Case Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC) Paradoxes of Challenging Racialization Postscript 5: Challenging Racism in Sweden Introduction Swedes and Immigrants: Legal and Sociological Perspectives Exceptions to the Rule: Minority Groups and Nordic Migrants Mapping Definitions: Immigrants, Census Categories, and Critiques The Dynamics of Racialization and the Logics of the Contemporary Racial State Anti-racism in Sweden: Civil Society and State Policies Actors State Measures Knowledge, Education, and Research Coordination and Monitoring Efforts Civil Society Measures Future of Anti-racisms and Deracialization in Sweden and Proposed Strategies The Swedish Debate on Equality Statistics Work with Legislation Cooperation with and Support to Civil Society Active Measures When It Comes to Combatting Racism and Hate Crime Conclusion 6: Conclusion: Operationalizing Deracialization—Paradoxes and Lessons Introduction Old and New Approaches in the North: UK and Sweden Racial Inequality and Anti-racism in the South: Brazil and South Africa Cross-national Implications for Deracialization Projects Paradoxes of Challenging Racialization Conclusion: Decolonization, Deracialization, and Anti-racism Ian Law and Mapping Global Racisms References Index